Effect of nanoparticle concentration on the crystallinity, vibrational dynamics and morphology of PS/TiO2 nanocomposites: a comprehensive study†
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of rutile-phase TiO2 nanoparticles on the structural, morphological, and vibrational properties of polystyrene (PS)-based nanocomposites at 3%, 5%, and 10%TiO2 concentrations. Nanocomposites were fabricated via solution mixing and hot pressing. TEM revealed well-dispersed nanoparticles (30–50 nm) in 3% TiO2 samples, with agglomeration increasing at 5%TiO2. AFM showed a rougher surface for 3% TiO2 (90–160 nm) and smoother, more uniform surfaces for 10%TiO2 (50–130 nm), attributed to improved dispersion. XRD indicated enhanced crystallinity with higher TiO2 content, with crystallite sizes between 5.77 nm and 8.05 nm. Williamson–Hall and Halder–Wagner analyses highlighted strain effects at lower concentrations. Raman spectroscopy identified TiO2 peaks (447 cm−1, 618 cm−1, 905 cm−1) intensifying with TiO2 content, while PS peak shifts suggested matrix-nanoparticle interactions. These results underscore the critical role of TiO2 dispersion and loading in determining PS nanocomposite properties.