Insight into rechargeable batteries under extreme pressure and gravity for deep space exploration

Abstract

The Artemis program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) are propelling deep space exploration to new heights, with missions such as Chang’e 6 and Peregrine leading the way. Secondary battery systems play a crucial role in providing energy for the successful operation of various payload missions. However, in addition to extreme temperatures and radiation, extreme conditions in outer space, including extreme pressures, microgravity, and supergravity, pose challenges to the normal functioning of secondary battery systems. This work covers recent advancements in the relevant battery field, including trends in core component changes under extreme pressure and vibration environments, the impact of mass transfer within electrodes and electrolytes under microgravity, and changes in electrode morphology and performance under supergravity. Finally, prospects for addressing the challenges faced by batteries in these three extreme deep space environments are discussed.