Recent progress in non-lithium rechargeable batteries with micro to macro 3D engineered electrode architecture

Abstract

The increasing demand for flexible and wearable energy storage devices, particularly in the field of 3D printed macrobatteries and microbatteries, necessitates extensive research worldwide. While lithium-based batteries have traditionally dominated in the electronics market, recent challenges such as lithium scarcity and uneven distribution on the earth's surface have driven up the costs and created an alarming situation. Therefore, there is a critical need to shift the focus towards the development of non-lithium-based technologies. This review underscores the urgency of advancing non-lithium-based low-cost technologies for 3D printed batteries, specially focusing on microbatteries. These microbatteries will play a pivotal role in on-board microelectronic applications, including but not limited to medical implants, hearing aids, wireless sensor networks, earbuds, wearable sensors, and IoT sensors. The freedom of electrode architectures provided by 3D printing enhances the potential for innovation in this field. Each section of this comprehensive review delves into the complex details of various non-lithium battery technologies, highlighting their unique materials and recent developments in components. By prioritizing the exploration and development of non-lithium alternatives, the scientific community can contribute to the creation of sustainable and cost-effective solutions for the ever-expanding landscape of microelectronic applications.