Ionic complex of a rhodamine dye with aggregation-induced emission properties

Abstract

An AIE-active rhodamine based luminogen was prepared via a complexation reaction between non-emissive rhodamine hydrazide (RdH) and bulky camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). Besides acting to open the spirolactam ring of RdH, CSA also imposes a rotational restriction on the resultant ionic complex, RdH(CSA)_x. Without CSA, the analogous complex RdH(HCl)₃ is a luminogen with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) properties. The ionic bonds of RdH(CSA)₃ are sensitive to several external stimuli and therefore it is a luminescent sensor for metal ions, organic amines and the blood protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). Besides being a sensor for BSA, the ionic RdH(CSA)₃ is also a denaturant capable of uncoiling the peptide chain of BSA.