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A systematic review of efficient recycling for the cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries: process intensification technologies beyond traditional methods

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Atomistic observation and transient reordering of antisite Li/Fe defects toward sustainable LiFePO4

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Co-recycling of spent cathode and anode via redox-mediated lithiation

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Organophosphonic acid-assisted efficient delamination of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes for regeneration

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Recent advancements in membrane-free redox flow batteries

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Regulating the local electronic structure to design a reliable dual-active site organic anode compatible with high-performance lithium-ion batteries

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Structural modulation of NH4V4O10 cathode materials for low-temperature zinc-ion energy-storage devices

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Recycling Co and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries using the silicon of spent photovoltaic panels

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Machine learning models accelerate deep eutectic solvent discovery for the recycling of lithium-ion battery cathodes

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Recycling and regeneration of failed layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

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Dual-function surface–bulk engineering via a one-step strategy enables efficient upcycling of degraded NCM523 cathodes

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EES Batteries, 2025
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Exploring separation techniques for the direct recycling of high voltage spinel LNMO scrap electrodes

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Boosting sodium storage performance of Na0.44MnO2 through surface modification with conductive polymer PPy utilizing sonication-assisted dispersion

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Recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode: an overview

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A green strategy for selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through a waste graphite-assisted sulfation process

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Progress and prospect of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials recycling: A review

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Sustainable upcycling of mixed spent cathodes to a high-voltage polyanionic cathode material

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Reviving Fatigue Surface for Solid‐State Upcycling of Highly Degraded Polycrystalline LiNi1‐x‐yCoxMnyO2 Cathodes

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Electrochemical Approach for Lithium Recovery from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges

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ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage., 2024, 1, 1326
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Design and Optimization of Iron‐Based Superionic‐Like Conductor Anode for High‐Performance Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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Sustainable and Clean Process for Li2CO3 and Co3O4 Recovery from the Spent Lithium-Ion Battery via the Waste Graphite-Assisted Selective Sulfation Process

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For regenerated graphite: Tailoring sub-surface architecture with strong pre-storage abilities towards high-rate properties

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Sustainable extraction and recycling of non-ferrous metals: a review from a European perspective

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Direct upcycling of spent mixed cathode towards single-crystalline ternary cathode via a eutectic molten lithium-salt solvent process

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Upcycling the cathodes of spent lithium ion batteries into high-performance cathodes

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A comprehensive review of electric vehicle recycling: Processes in selective collection, element extraction, and component regeneration

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Co-recycling of LiCoO2 and LiFePO4 enabled by self-redox reactions and electrochemical mediation

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Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 653, 237720
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Autogenous Pressure Assisted Aqua‐Thermal Regeneration of Spent Graphite in a Designed Reactor: Second‐Life Electrochemistry and Technoenvironmental Benefits

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Advanced Energy Materials, 2025
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Ambient-pressure relithiation of spent LiFePO4 using alkaline solutions enables direct regeneration of lithium-ion battery cathodes

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Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

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Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Life Cycle of LiFePO4 Batteries: Production, Recycling, and Market Trends

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ChemPhysChem, 2024, 25
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Direct Regeneration of Spent LiCoO2 Black Mass Based on Fluorenone‐Mediated Lithium Supplementation and Energy‐Saving Structural Restoration

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Advanced Energy Materials, 2024, 14
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Research Progress of Ternary Cathode Materials: Failure Mechanism and Heat Treatment for Repair and Regeneration

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Engineering Biomimetic Sub‐Nanostructured Ion‐Selective Nanofiltration Membrane for Excellent Separation of Li+/Co2+

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Challenges and perspectives towards direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode

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Sustainable recovery of spent ternary cathode materials via wasted asphalt pyrolysis in closed-loop recycling

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Adsorption Materials toward Highly‐Efficient Lithium Extraction from Non‐Conventional Lithium Sources

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Advanced Materials, 2025
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A Highly Efficient Additive for Direct Reactivation of Waste LiFePO4 with Practical Electrochemical Performance

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Reconstruction of lithium replenishment channel with an amorphous structure for efficient regeneration of spent LiCoO 2 cathodes

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Energy Materials and Devices, 2025, 3, 9370059
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Flux Upcycling of Degraded Layered Cathodes to LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMCs) with Gradient Transition Metal Distribution

Juntian Fan, Dalal Belharouak, Huimin Luo, Zhenzhen Yang, Fan Wang, Ilias Belharouak, Tao Wang and Sheng Dai

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025
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Efficient and Scalable Direct Regeneration of Spent Layered Cathode Materials via Advanced Oxidation

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Sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: DL-carnitine hydrochloride − based DES approach with high leaching and co-precipitation efficiency and enhanced atom economy

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Recycling of chicken feathers

Guiyin Xu, Minghui Shan, Huijun Chen, Yunteng Cao, Ping Nie, Tengfei Xiang, Chenyang Dang, Myles G. Stapelberg, Dongyang Zhu and Meifang Zhu

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Fluorinated substances in lithium-ion batteries and solid state batteries: Recycling challenges and environmental impacts

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Toward Circular Energy: Exploring Direct Regeneration for Lithium‐Ion Battery Sustainability

Xiaoxue Wu, Yuhang Liu, Junxiong Wang, Yihong Tan, Zheng Liang and Guangmin Zhou

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
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Efficient and selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by biomass single-component regulated pyrolysis with synergistic water leaching approach

Yumeng Wu, Jianjun Cai, Xingying Tang, Shubin Wang, Mingkang Fang, Shengfeng Yao and Jiafeng Zhang

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 117574
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Novel Upcycling of Mixed Spent Cathodes Toward High Energy Density LiMnxFe1−XPO4 Cathode Material

Yanrun Mei, Ran Chen, Zhe Shao, Wenjie Qin, Luyao Xu, Longmin Liu, Jingjing Zhou, Jingping Hu, Huijie Hou, Lixia Yuan and Jiakuan Yang

Adv Funct Materials, 2025
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Lactic-acid-based deep eutectic solvent for sustainable recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries under mild conditions

Can Cao, Ziwen Yuan, Hong Liu, Xunchang Fei and Qianhong She

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2025, 512, 145460
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Perspective on recycling technologies for critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Jiefeng Xiao, Bo Niu, Jiaqi Lu, Junming Hong, Tingjin Zhou and Zhenming Xu

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Retrieving lost Li in LIBs for co-regeneration of spent anode and cathode materials

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Influence of Process Conditions During Aqueous and Direct Recycling of NMC811 Cathodes

Felix Nagler, Leonhard Kolb, Nino Christian, Andreas Flegler, Michael Hofmann and Guinevere A. Giffin

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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The evolution of lithium-ion battery recycling

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Bismuth-doping boosting Na+ diffusion kinetics of layered oxide cathode with radially oriented {010} active lattice facet for sodium-ion batteries

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Study on impurity removal and self-precipitation mechanism of lithium extraction solution from waste lithium iron phosphate cathode material

Xiaolong Chai, Shuncai Dong, Yan Lin, Xiaohua Yu and Qingfeng Shen

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Efficient separation of layered oxide cathode materials and Al collectors in spent lithium-ion batteries

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Recycling spent ternary cathodes into multi-heterogeneous Ni4N/Co5.47N/MnO composite catalysts enable efficient oxygen evolution reaction

Hongfei Jiang, Ruirui Wang, Hanhua Liu, Qianqian Liu, Miao Cheng, Wujun Ma, Jing Hu, Tao Wei, Zeda Meng, Bo Liu, Muzi Chen and Wanfei Li

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Recycling, regeneration, and reutilization of cathode materials of spent LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2 batteries

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A mild and efficient closed-loop recycling strategy for spent lithium-ion battery

Yuanyuan Zhong, Zongrun Li, Jingtian Zou, Ting Pan, Pengfei Li, Guihui Yu, Xiaowei Wang, Shubin Wang and Jiafeng Zhang

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2024, 474, 134794
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Challenges and Perspectives for Direct Recycling of Electrode Scraps and End‐of‐Life Lithium‐ion Batteries

Neil Hayagan, Insaf Gaalich, Philippe Loubet, Laurence Croguennec, Cyril Aymonier, Gilles Philippot and Jacob Olchowka

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Global Regulations for Sustainable Battery Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities

Dan Su, Yu Mei, Tongchao Liu and Khalil Amine

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Recycling of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes: Challenges and Progress

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ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 67087
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Recent progress in the recycling of spent graphite anodes: Failure mechanisms, repair techniques, and prospects

Lina Zhao, Liyan Tian, Junyi Li, Fanian Shi, Yunlong Chang, Jie Yan and Haitao Zhang

Energy Storage Materials, 2024, 71, 103640
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Lithium-ion battery recycling evolution: Could entire cell regeneration be the next step?

Ayesha Tariq, Qing Ai, Yifan Zhu, Katlyn Schmeltzer, Tianyou Xie and Jun Lou

Next Energy, 2025, 7, 100234
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Upcycling and recycling of spent battery waste for a sustainable future: Progress and perspectives

Abu Danish Aiman Bin Abu Sofian, S.R. Majid, Kisuk Kang, Jang-Kyo Kim and P.L. Show

Progress in Materials Science, 2025, 153, 101478
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Bark‐Inspired Functional‐Carbon/Potassium Composite Electrode with Fast Ion Transport Channels for Dendrite‐Free Potassium Metal Batteries

Jun‐Long Zhou, Lu‐Kang Zhao, Yue Lu, Xuan‐Wen Gao, Yue Chen, Zhao‐Meng Liu, Qin‐Fen Gu and Wen‐Bin Luo

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Starch-assisted microcrystalline regulation of coal-derived carbon for high-performance potassium ion batteries

Xiaqing Chang, He Chen, Chengtao Gao, Shanshan Luo, Razium Ali Soomro, Ning Sun and Bin Xu

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2026, 250, 53
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Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: From Theoretical Study to Production Practice

Meiting Huang, Mei Wang, Liming Yang, Zhihao Wang, Haoxuan Yu, Kechun Chen, Fei Han, Liang Chen, Chenxi Xu, Lihua Wang, Penghui Shao and Xubiao Luo

Nano-Micro Lett., 2024, 16
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Interfacial MXene engineering enabled lamellar lithium nucleation for dendrite-free lithium anodes

Mengqi Zhu, Chuyi Cai, Xuran Li, Chunwen Shi and Jindan Zhang

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 633, 236451
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Generative learning assisted state-of-health estimation for sustainable battery recycling with random retirement conditions

Shengyu Tao, Ruifei Ma, Zixi Zhao, Guangyuan Ma, Lin Su, Heng Chang, Yuou Chen, Haizhou Liu, Zheng Liang, Tingwei Cao, Haocheng Ji, Zhiyuan Han, Minyan Lu, Huixiong Yang, Zongguo Wen, Jianhua Yao, Rong Yu, Guodan Wei, Yang Li, Xuan Zhang, Tingyang Xu and Guangmin Zhou

Nat Commun, 2024, 15
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For the regeneration of spent graphite: The exploring of structural failure mechanism about commercial graphite

Peng Ge, Zhengqiao Yuan, Chenxing Yi, Wei Sun and Yue Yang

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A review of carbon nanotubes in modern electrochemical energy storage

Yao-ming Song, Shi-xin Qiu, Shu-xin Feng, Rui Zuo, Ya-ting Zhang, Ke Jia, Xue Xia, Ming-ming Chen, Ke-meng Ji and Cheng-yang Wang

New Carbon Materials, 2024, 39, 1037
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Structural Insights Into Phase Formation of Sodium Layered Cathodes Materials with Prominent Electrochemical Performances

Haocheng Ji, Hengyu Ren, Guojie Chen, Wenhai Ji, Feng Zhou, Haotian Qu, Hui Fang, Mihai Chu, Rui Qi, Jingjun Zhai, Wen Zeng, Tiefeng Liu, Guangmin Zhou, Yinguo Xiao and Jun Lu

Angewandte Chemie, 2025
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An upcycling strategy for creating phase-tunable cobalt sulfides@N, S co-doped carbon nanocomposite electrocatalyst from spent LiCoO2 batteries

Zhizhou Wang, Jing Zhong, Qian Zhang, Jie Liu, Binbin Zhou, Huiling Feng, Feng Cao, Jianbin Lin, Zheming Zhang and Haidong Bian

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, 108, 593
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Porous-structured FeS2@C nanoparticles prepared from spent LiFePO4 cathodes with excellent rate performance for potassium-ion batteries

Menghang Sun, Xinyu Zhou, Lili Li, Bo Wen, Yunzi Miao, Xiaofeng Liu, Wei Yan, Guorui Yang and Shujiang Ding

Electrochimica Acta, 2024, 501, 144780
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Coupling Electrochemical Leaching with Solvent Extraction for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Jingjing Zhao, Fengyin Zhou, Hongya Wang, Xin Qu, Danfeng Wang, Yuqi Cai, Zhiyu Zheng, Dihua Wang and Huayi Yin

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2024
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Reciprocal Ternary Molten Salts Enable the Direct Upcycling of Spent Lithium‐Nickel‐Manganese‐Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Mixtures to Make NMC 622

Tao Wang, Xin Wang, Huimin Luo, Juntian Fan, Qingju Wang, Zhenzhen Yang, Yaocai Bai, Kae Fink, Patrick Walker, Ilias Belharouak and Sheng Dai

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Opportunities of one-dimensional van der Waals materials and heterostructures as fuel cell catalyst layers

Miaoyu Lu, Ziang Chen, Jingyu Sun and Rong Xiang

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Closed‐Loop Recycling Methods to Treat Spent Cathode: Efficient and Direct Regeneration

Zhe Gao, Yangyang Liu, Zeinhom M. El‐Bahy, Gen Chen, Mohamed H. Helal, Bingan Lu, Junwei Han and Jiang Zhou

Adv Funct Materials, 2025
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Advanced K3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode for rechargeable potassium-ion batteries with high energy density

Zhen-Yi Gu, Xiao-Tong Wang, Xin-Xin Zhao, Jun-Ming Cao, Yong-Li Heng, Shuo-Hang Zheng, Yan Liu, Jin-Zhi Guo, Si-Ze Wang and Xing-Long Wu

Applied Physics Letters, 2024, 124
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Using hydrogen bond to promote the ionization of benzene sulfonamide for extracting Li+

Ruzhen Zhao, Manxing Huo, Qifeng Wei and Xiulian Ren

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Endogenous advanced oxidation process with peracetic acid for recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries

Huixiang Zhou, Qian Hu, Liqing Li, Xin Ma and Zhanfang Cao

Chemical Engineering Science, 2024, 295, 120202
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Unraveling and Modulating the Competitive Dynamics in Direct Regeneration of Ni‐Rich Cathode Material

Ruyu Shi, Junfeng Li, Jiaxiang Zhao, Haocheng Ji, Junxiong Wang, Wen Chen, Jiajun Li, Yang Cao and Guangmin Zhou

Advanced Materials, 2025
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Toward Joule heating recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A rising direct regeneration method

Haoxuan Yu, Meiting Huang, Yifeng Li, Liang Chen, Hui Lv, Liming Yang and Xubiao Luo

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, 105, 501
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Reinforcing the rapid selective recycling of spent LiFePO4 materials through CO2 aeration under ambient-pressure conditions

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Enhancing Membrane Materials for Efficient Li Recycling and Recovery

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Advanced direct recycling technology enables a second life of spent lithium-ion battery

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Interfacial Metal‐Solvent Chelation for Direct Regeneration of LiFePO4 Cathode Black Mass

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Optimizing shear-dominant stripping with controlled stress for efficient recovery of cathode active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

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A Universal Solution for Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate

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Experimental study on a novel safety strategy for lithium-ion batteries: Fire suppression and thermal runaway mitigation in confined spaces using heat-triggered Fire-extinguishing Polymer Composite (FEPC)

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From Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries to High‐Performance Supercapacitors: Enabling Universal Gradient Recycling via Spin Capacitance

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Direct lithium extraction from spent batteries for efficient lithium recycling

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Electrochemistry‐Driven Complete Reconstruction of Spent Lithium–Ion Battery Cathodes for Matter Recycling

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Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode material via a simple solid-phase method

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Towards High Value-Added Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Catalysis Application

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A sustainable net-negative carbon recycling strategy for spent batteries enabled by paired electrolysis

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Improved Electrochemical Performance of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 via Chitosan‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Coating

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SiOx Encapsulated into Nitrogen-Enriched Lignin Porous Carbon for Fast Lithium Storage

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Surface Catalytic Repair for the Efficient Regeneration of Spent Layered Oxide Cathodes

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Ultra−Selective and Capacious Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines via β−Diketone Functionalized Brush−Shaped Polymer

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Inherent fluorine impurity enhances the regeneration of highly degraded layered cathodes with suppressed lattice oxygen escape

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Suppressing the coordination of ferric ions for efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate

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Potential‐Regulated Design for Direct Recycling of Degraded LiFePO4 Cathode

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Electrochemical Relithiation in Spent LiFePO4 Slurry for Regeneration of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode

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Closed‐Loop Direct Upcycling of Spent Ni‐Rich Layered Cathodes into High‐Voltage Cathode Materials

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A review of direct recycling methods for spent lithium-ion batteries

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Recycled graphite enabled superior performance for lithium ion batteries

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Constructing porous hydrophilic HMO/CTA@PDA composite hydrogel for super-high and ultrafast extraction of lithium ions

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Construction of Uniform LiF Coating Layers for Stable High-Voltage LiCoO2 Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

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High performance, pH-resistant membranes for efficient lithium recovery from spent batteries

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Upcycling Spent Graphite into Fast-Charging Anode Materials through Interface Regulation

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Iodine‐Mediated Redox Strategy for Sustainable Lithium Extraction From Spent LiFePO4 Cathodes

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Recycling of Waste Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Deep Eutectic Solvents

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Large Language Modeling to Assist Natural Polyphenols as Green Precipitants for Recycling Spent Batteries

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A review on the industrial chain of recycling critical metals from electric vehicle batteries: Current status, challenges, and policy recommendations

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Reutilization and upcycling of spent graphite for sustainable lithium-ion batteries: Progress and perspectives

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A layered multifunctional framework based on polyacrylonitrile and MOF derivatives for stable lithium metal anode

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Efficient Lithium Transport and Reversible Lithium Plating in Silicon Anodes: Synergistic Design of Porous Structure and LiF‐Rich SEI for Fast Charging

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Nanofiltration Membranes for Efficient Lithium Extraction from Salt-Lake Brine: A Critical Review

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Approaching Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Voltage‐Responsive Smart Prelithiation Separator with Surface‐Engineered Sacrificial Lithium Agents

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Artificial Intelligence in Electric Vehicle Battery Disassembly: A Systematic Review

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Pitting Corrosion Mechanism-Driven Cathode Exfoliation for Enhanced Direct Regeneration from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Surface Engineering Enabling Efficient Upcycling of Highly Degraded Layered Cathodes

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Structural Insights Into Phase Formation of Sodium Layered Cathodes Materials with Prominent Electrochemical Performances

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Direct NCA Cathode Active Materials Recycling from Spent Li-Ion Batteries: Solvent-Free Recovery and Healing by Heat Treatment

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Failure-detecting techniques for commercial anodes of lithium-ion batteries

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Upcycling Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Constructing Bifunctional Catalysts Featuring Long‐Range Order and Short‐Range Disorder for Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries

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