Low-temperature lithium-ion batteries: challenges and progress of surface/interface modifications for advanced performance

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are in increasing demand for operation under extreme temperature conditions due to the continuous expansion of their applications. A significant loss in energy and power densities at low temperatures is still one of the main obstacles limiting the operation of lithium-ion batteries at sub-zero temperatures. In addition to electrodes and electrolytes, more attention should be paid to the electrode–electrolyte interface, considering that the total internal resistance of batteries at low temperatures is dominated by interfacial charge transfer resistance. Here, we first review the main interfacial processes in lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, including Li⁺ solvation or desolvation, Li⁺ diffusion through the solid electrolyte interphase and electron transport. Then, recent progress on the electrode surface/interface modifications in lithium-ion batteries for enhanced low-temperature performance is presented in detail. The lasting challenges and perspectives regarding electrode/electrolyte interface control in low-temperature lithium-ion batteries are finally discussed.