Elucidating the effects of the carbon source on fluorination kinetics and the CFx structure to tailor the energy density of Li/CFx

Shixue Zhang, Yu Li, Hang Xu, Cong Peng, Lingchen Kong, Zhihao Gui and Wei Feng

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 1820
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Lithium metal based battery systems with ultra-high energy density beyond 500 W h kg−1

Chenyu Yang, Zhan Jiang, Xiangyue Chen, Wei Luo, Tengfei Zhou and Jianping Yang

Chem. Commun., 2024, 60, 10245
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First-principles investigation of high capacity, rechargeable CFx cathode batteries based on graphdiyne and “holey” graphene carbon allotropes

Quinn T. Campbell, Nirajan Paudel, Krishna Acharya, Bryan R. Wygant, Igor Vasiliev and T. N. Lambert

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2025, 27, 951
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Tailoring C–F configurations in O–CFx cathodes via wet chemistry for 600 Wh kg−1 Li/O–CFx pouch cells

Zhenghuai Sun, Xiaobin Liao, Luyu Li, Quan Yuan, Bingbing Chen, Chunbo Xu, Hancheng Ma, Huji Zhang, Xiangning Chen, Zihan Liu, Xu Xu, Yao Ding, Ruizhe Wu and Liqiang Mai

Energy Environ. Sci., 2026, 19, 2976
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Electrolyte Strategy Enables High‐Rate Lithium Carbon Fluoride (Li/CFx) Primary Batteries in All‐Climate Environments

Xunxin Chen, Gaopan Liu, Ang Fu, Yukang Xiao, Jipeng Sun, Zhongru Zhang and Yong Yang

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Carbon‐Source‐Regulated Microstructural Evolution and Sodium Storage Behavior of Carbon Fluoride Cathodes

Zhida Chen, Yiling Huang, Ziqiang Fan, Yibo Chen, Zhe Li, Tao Qiao, Fredrick Mwange Mulei, Alice A. Kasera, Ronghua Zeng and Zhongzhi Yuan

ChemNanoMat, 2026, 12
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Selenium-regulated band structure engineering in CFx cathodes enables high-power and wide-temperature Li/CFx primary batteries

Tingting Liu, Zhian Dou, Zhen Li, Yiran Sun, Chunyi Wang, Longchen Li, Hao Yin, Jiwen Li, Xiaozhong Wu, Jinglin Mu, Pengfei Zhou and Jin Zhou

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 702, 138891
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Improving the rate performance of mesophase pitch fluoride by boron anion receptor for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries

Wenjun Ma, Xiaodong Shao, Ruihui Gan, Bangguo Zhou, Yue Wang, Binji Zhu, Yan Song, Ning Xiang, Jingli Shi and Chang Ma

Applied Surface Science, 2025, 682, 161636
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Metal–Organic Framework-Based Fluorinated Carbon for Li Primary Battery

Hang Xu, Zhihao Gui, Runzhe Wang, Han Yu, Cong Peng, Yu Li and Wei Feng

Nanomaterials, 2026, 16, 197
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Discharge Mechanism of Fluorinated Ketjen Black Cathode Material

Liang Zhang, Jiukang Teng, Junjie Liu, Siping Tan, Xiong Zhou, Zhu Liao, Qianqiu Tian, Wenjing Yang and Xueming Li

Trans. Tianjin Univ., 2026, 32, 79
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Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries with Mn-Doped All-Fluoride Cathodes

Sifei Luo, Meiting Gao, Danmin Cai, Licai Zhu, Caiting Lai, Yanqiu Peng, Hongjun Yue, Haijiao Xie and Zhongzhi Yuan

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 28719
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3D Cu3N nanowire/Cu foam composite host enables high-capacity and long-storage lithium battery

Jialu Liu, Haijun Tian, Yingke Zhou, Enmin Xu, Ping Li, Xiaohui Tian and Zhongzhi Yuan

Applied Materials Today, 2024, 40, 102378
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Efficient microwave induction to modify surface for high-rate lithium/fluorinated carbon battery with ultra-high power density

Gaobang Chen, Yong Fan, Tianhui Yu, Muhammad Shoaib, Azim Khan, Yifan Liu and Xian Jian

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 497, 154899
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Improved Electrochemical Performance Using Transition Metal Doped ZnNi/Carbon Nanotubes as Conductive Additive in Li/CFx Battery

Fangmin Wang, Jiayin Li, Yuxin Zheng, Xue Dong, Yuzhen Zhao, Zemin He, Manni Li, Lei Lin, Danyang He, Zongcheng Miao, Haibo Zhang, Hua Tan and Jianfeng Huang

Catalysts, 2025, 15, 758
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Porous Hollow Carbon Alkali-Activated Nanoonions As a Conductive Additive for High-Rate Lithium Primary Batteries

Guilu Qin, Yifan Liu, JiaCheng He, Nengkun Wang, Junwei Wang and Xian Jian

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2024, 7, 7936
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01531

Effect of Different Binders on the Power Characteristics for Carbon Fluorides in Lithium Primary Batteries

Wen Liu, Sen Ma, Tingfang Yan, Bingxin Wan, Shangde Ma, Yong Li, Haijuan Pei, Rui Guo, Chao Wu and Jingying Xie

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2024, 171, 120534
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Enhanced Li/CFx primary battery energy density by relay discharge and the use of difunctional electrolytes

Caiting Lai, Wei Yang, Yuan Yao, Zhiguo Li, Yanqiu Peng, Peng Dou, Ruirui Zhao, Yiling Huang, Sifei Luo and Zhongzhi Yuan

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 512, 145477
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High Energy Density of Ball-Milled Fluorinated Carbon Nanofibers as Cathode in Primary Lithium Batteries

Marie Colin, Elodie Petit, Katia Guérin and Marc Dubois

Nanomaterials, 2024, 14, 404
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Uniform ultraviolet-inducing technology in liquid for macro surface modification of carbon fluoride with ultrahigh power density

Yong Fan, Yifan Liu, Yiming Chen, Muhammad Shoaib, Tianhui Yu, Jun Luo and Xian Jian

Materials Today Energy, 2025, 51, 101907
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2025.101907

Single-walled carbon nanotube self-assembly on CFₓ enables 100 C ultrahigh-rate Li/CFₓ primary batteries

Xiao Feng, Yifan Jia, Wei Kang, Xuwei Liu, Ruiping Chen, Chuxin Wu and Lunhui Guan

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 134, 118164
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.118164

Cu nanoparticles induced-reconstruction of NaF enabling the reversibility of Na/CFx batteries

Zhen Li, Jinglin Mu, Xiaozhong Wu, Jiwen Li, Hao Yin, Tong Zhou, Xiangyan Shen, Pengfei Zhou and Jin Zhou

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 718, 140519
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2026.140519

Constructing the charge channel with CFx using a well-dispersed carbon nanotube arrays to boost high-rate primary battery

Gaobang Chen, Yong Fan, Muhammad Shoaib, Xinxia Yang, Yifan Liu and Xian Jian

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 994, 174483
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174483

Enabling high-rate Li/CFx batteries by spiropyrrolidinium morpholinium tetrafluoborate

Yan Wang, Yanbo Zhang, Kailimai Su, Shixiong Sun, Ming Li and Junwei Lang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 142, 119566
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.119566

Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of “primary silver polymer battery”

Prajakta Joge, D. K. Kanchan, Priya Saxena and Deepak Kumar

Ionics, 2026, 32, 5233
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-026-07036-7

Electrochemical Performance of Zn/CFx Primary Battery under Different Electrolytes

Liangxue Bao, Congping Xu, Ke Yan, Yan Zou, Ruding Zhang, Hongjun Yue and Quanxin Ma

Energy Tech, 2025, 13
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202402275

Low-temperature synthesis of high-conductivity fluorinated Ketjen black cathode towards empowered lithium primary batteries

Liang Zhang, Xufeng Wang, Jiukang Teng, Xiong Zhou, Xuefeng Zou, Wenjing Yang and Xueming Li

Results in Engineering, 2026, 29, 108932
DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108932

Interfacial engineering via PEDOT:TFSI for enhanced high-rate performance of Li/CFX primary batteries

Taemin Kim, Gi Su Kim, Seongmin Ha, Soo Hong Lee and Ji Sun Im

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2026, 359, 132522
DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2026.132522

A self fire-extinguishing and high rate lithium-fluorinated carbon battery realized by ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene electrolyte additive design

Lutan Dong, Lequan Deng, Zhaofen Wang, Yaoyao Liu, Jun Zhan, Shuhua Wang, Zhiwen Fang, Feifei Guo, Chao Liu, Hong Liu and Hao Chen

Nano Energy, 2024, 131, 110309
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110309

Low-energy upcycling of spent graphite into high-F/C-ratio cathode for Li/CF batteries

Hongwei Cai, Hao Luo, Yukun Li, Shuzhe Yang, Zhiwei Lin, Cong Li, Jiaqin Yang, Yan Zou, Ke Yan, Jianming Zheng, Tiefeng Liu, Hongjun Yue and Mi Lu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 376, 134004
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134004

High-performance fluorinated Ketjen black cathode for Li/Na/K primary batteries

Liangxue Bao, Weiwei Wang, Liang Zhang, Ruding Zhang and Hongjun Yue

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2026, 215, 113720
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2026.113720

Fluorinated carbons (CFX): Promising functional materials for energy applications

Ruding Zhang, Liang Zhang, Congping Xu, Liangxue Bao, Guanjun Zhang, Boliang Wang, Xiwen Wang and Hongjun Yue

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 614, 235026
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235026

N-methylpyrrolidone-based electrolyte modulated CF bond weakening and Interface optimization synergistically enhances Li/CFx batteries energy density

Fei Zhou, Jiangmin Jiang, Gaoyu Zhou, Lingbang Qiu, Wenxuan Fu, Chencheng Xu, Yanhua Cui and Quanchao Zhuang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 700, 138638
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138638

Pyrrolidinium ionic liquid as a multifunctional additive of electrolytes for superior Li/CFx batteries

Yan Wang, Yanbo Zhang, Kailimai Su, Yue Hu, Shusheng Xu and Junwei Lang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 505, 159325
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159325

Weakly Solvated and Interfacially Compatible Fluorinated Nitrile Based Electrolyte for High-Energy-Density Li/CFx Batteries

Junjie Lu, Dan Peng, Yuan Yang, Wenjing Ni, Wanglei Chen, Yunpeng Fu and Jinglun Wang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 13500
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c03560

Engineering Triple‐Phase Interfaces around the Anode toward Practical Alkali Metal–Air Batteries

Bingcheng Ge, Liang Hu, Xiaoliang Yu, Lixu Wang, Carlos Fernandez, Nianjun Yang, Qinghua Liang and Quan‐Hong Yang

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400937

Transforming Li/CFx primary batteries with a novel additive: Engineering solvation structure regulation and electrode/electrolyte interface modification enables superior discharge performance in wide temperatures

Gaoyu Zhou, Jiangmin Jiang, Qilin Feng, Fei Zhou, Xia Qiu, Chencheng Xu, Lingbang Qiu, Zhicheng Ju, Yanhua Cui and Quanchao Zhuang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 123, 116764
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116764

A difunctional electrolyte boosting the electrochemical performance of the primary Li/CFx batteries

Wenzheng Liu, Zhongjun Zhao, Fanteng Ma, Pengfei Zhou and Jin Zhou

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2024, 965, 118370
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118370

Li/CFx battery thermal analysis: Experiment and simulation

Jian Chen, Chao Wu, Wen Liu, Jingze Zhang, Jing Zhang, Rui Guo, Cheng Yang and Jingying Xie

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 84, 110994
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.110994

High-Power, Wide-Temperature Adaptable Li/CFx Cells Assisted by Crown Ethers

Chenxin Diao, Xianhui Jiao, Jin Xu and Hui Zhan

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2025, 8, 6520
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.5c00427

Simultaneous exfoliation/fluorination for the preparation of fluorinated exfoliated graphite with high power densities in primary lithium batteries

Marie Colin, Louise Dauga, Hani Farhat, Elodie Petit, Lawrence Frezet, Katia Guérin and Marc Dubois

Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2024, 278, 110333
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2024.110333