Stimuli-responsive photodynamic platforms for the treatment of bacterial infections

Abstract

Bacterial infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria have become a significant health challenge in the 21st century. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a novel approach for treating drug-resistant bacterial infections, has attracted considerable attention due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, non-invasive, and highly selective advantages. However, the “always on” nature of conventional PDT often leads to unintended damage to surrounding healthy tissues. To address this issue, stimuli-responsive photodynamic therapeutic (SRPT) platforms with adjustable antibacterial activity have been developed. These SRPT platforms remain inactive in normal tissues and are only triggered to exhibit antimicrobial activity under specific stimuli at the targeted site. This review comprehensively summarizes the contributions of SRPT platforms to the treatment of bacterial infections over the past few years and offers insights into their future development. Specifically, this review delves into the design mechanisms and the latest advancements of SRPT platforms in combating bacterial infections. Particular emphasis is placed on key factors such as pH, redox status, enzymes, and dual-stimulation as the primary design directions for activation strategies.