Exploring the degradation of catalyst layer and porous transport layer in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Shahid Zaman, Leila Moradizadeh, Dhinesh Kumar Murugaiah, Mohmmad Khalid, S. Roohan Farooq Lala and Samaneh Shahgaldi

EES Catal., 2026, 4, 11
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Achieving Pt-coating-free anodes using double-layered catalyst layer structure for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

Daehee Kim, Gi Hong Jung, Young Hwa Yun, Jeesoo Park, Sieon An, Changsoo Lee, Sechan Lee, Hyeonjung Park, Sang-Kyung Kim, Hyun-Seok Cho, Hee-Tak Kim, Namgee Jung, Gisu Doo and MinJoong Kim

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 39748
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On the interface electron transport problem of highly active IrOx catalysts

Jeesoo Park, Dong Wook Lee, Jonghyun Hyun, Hojin Lee, Euntaek Oh, Kyunghwa Seok, Gisu Doo and Hee-Tak Kim

Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, 18, 5577
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Degradation phenomena in PEMWE revealed by correlative electrochemical and nanostructure analysis

Selina Finger, Birk Fritsch, Mingjian Wu, Leopold Lahn, Darius Hoffmeister, Johannes Will, Olga Kasian, Erdmann Spiecker, Simon Thiele, Anna T.S. Freiberg and Andreas Hutzler

Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, 18, 9877
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Effects of the Dynamic Loading Frequency on Performance of the Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Xiaoyun Shi, Xutao Qiu, Zhuolin Yuan, Runcheng Zhang, Kun Zhao, Aidong Tan, Guizhi Xu, Jie Song and Jianguo Liu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 66089
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Degradation modelling and the impact of intermittent operation on proton exchange membrane electrolyzers

Portia Minnah and Kevin Pope

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2026, 202, 152962
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Predicting future polarization curves from operating data: Machine learning-based investigation of degradation modeling concepts for PEM water electrolysis

Janis Woelke, Alexander Rex, Christoph Eckert, Boris Bensmann and Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach

Energy and AI, 2025, 21, 100547
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The nonlinear frequency response method for the diagnosis of PEM water electrolyzer performance

Tamara Miličić, Kasun Muthunayakage, Thanh Hoàng Vũ, Tobias K.S. Ritschel, Luka A. Živković and Tanja Vidaković-Koch

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 496, 153889
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Porphyrin-Confined Supported Ultrasmall Ir Clusters as Oxygen Evolution Catalysts for Water Electrolysis

Xing Yang, Yongqi Liu, Xiaohui Niu and Ke Chu

Inorg. Chem., 2024, 63, 19798
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Assessing the performance of gold-coated titanium bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis under variable photovoltaic inputs

Hongxu Cheng, Hong Luo, Xuefei Wang, Da Bi, Yue Chang and Jie Song

Applied Energy, 2025, 381, 125133
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Design and analysis of wind-based hydrogen production using rule-based operation

Sunwoo Kim, Joungho Park and Jay H. Lee

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, 212, 115459
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Fleet‐Based Degradation State Quantification for Industrial Water Electrolyzers

Xuqian Yan, Lennard Helmers, Kunyuan Zhou and Astrid Nieße

Electrochemical Science Adv, 2025, 5
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Ensuring Stability of Anode Catalysts in PEMWE: From Material Design to Practical Application

Lina Wang, Qingzhi Pan, Xiao Liang and Xiaoxin Zou

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Response characteristics of platinum coated titanium bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis under fluctuating conditions

Yingyu Ding, Xiejing Luo, Luqi Chang and Chaofang Dong

Electrochemistry Communications, 2024, 168, 107819
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Oxygen transport under fluctuating currents of porous transport layers in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Insights and optimization

Qing Li, Yuting He, Liang-ming Pan, Xin Ma, Luteng Zhang, Wan Sun, Zaiyong Ma, Longxiang Zhu, Qiang Lian and Simiao Tang

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 127, 252
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Analysis of the Cause for the Performance Degradation of PEM Water Electrolyzers upon Intermittent Operation at Different Operating Conditions

Matthias Kornherr, Carina Schramm, Matthias F. Ernst, Manuel Müller and Hubert A. Gasteiger

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2025, 172, 124522
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Interstitial nitrogen-driven surface reconstruction in FeCoNi coatings for enhanced OER activity and durability

Yuhao Chen, Jiang Xu, Liang Zhang, Minming Jiang, Zong-Han Xie and Paul Munroe

Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2026, 382, 125955
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Combining materials development with structural design: Insights into porous transport layer for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

Junna Yang, Xiuyue Wang, Zheyuan Ding, Zhenye Kang, Bin Wang, Ziting Du, Min Wang and Feng-Yuan Zhang

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, 223, 116030
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Strategies for achieving a techno-economic threshold of 1 USD/kg for green hydrogen

Joungho Park, Sunwoo Kim, Hana Kim and Jay H. Lee

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 521, 167069
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Investigation of the Degradation of the Membrane Electrode Assembly for a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer by Accelerated Stress Tests

M. V. Kozlova, I. V. Pushkareva, S. I. Butrim, M. A. Solovyev, D. A. Simkin, S. A. Grigoriev and A. S. Pushkarev

Nanotechnol Russia, 2023, 18, S375
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Porous transport electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis -cells: Materials, designs, and diagnoses

Jaewoo Cho, Tuan Linh Doan, Sangjun Lee, In Gyeom Kim, Segeun Jang, Yuyan Shao, Taekeun Kim and Sehkyu Park

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 507, 160473
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Subsea energy storage as an enabler for floating offshore wind hydrogen production: Review and perspective

Zhiwen Wang, Hu Wang, Tonio Sant, Zecheng Zhao, Rupp Carriveau, David S-K Ting, Peng Li, Tielei Zhang and Wei Xiong

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 71, 1266
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Tailoring oxygen vacancies of W-doped TiO2 to stabilize Ir for boosting oxygen evolution activity in proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis

Jae-Ik Han, Deok-Hye Park, Da-Mi Lim, Yoonhi Gu, Seon-Ha Park, Chan-Eui Hong, Dong-Geon Seo, Ji-Hwan Kim, Jae-Sung Jang, Eo-Jin Kim, Ji-Woong Yun, Hyun-Moon Jo and Kyung-Won Park

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 508, 160933
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Experimental demonstration of dynamic demand response scheduling for PEM-electrolyzers

Roger Keller, Florian Joseph Baader, André Bardow, Martin Müller and Ralf Peters

Applied Energy, 2025, 393, 126014
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Integrating solid direct air capture systems with green hydrogen production: Economic benefits and curtailment reduction

Sunwoo Kim, Joungho Park and Jay H. Lee

Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2025, 198, 109102
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Evaluating the anti-corrosion effectiveness of titanium hydride on titanium-based porous transport layers in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Leila Moradizadeh, Xianguo Li and Samaneh Shahgaldi

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2026, 222, 154293
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Spatiotemporal distribution and variation of temperature in PEMWEs: Driving factors and its implication

Jian Huang, Yue Zhou, Jun Li, Liang Zhang, Qian Fu, Jie Song, Guizhi Xu, Xun Zhu and Qiang Liao

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 110, 74
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Defective K2Ti8O17 Nanorod Supports Enable Stable High‐Current‐Density Acidic Water Electrolysis via Confinement‐Engineered IrOx

Jiaxi Sui, Hao Sun, Fengge Wang, Qiwen Zhang, Shilin Ling, Yali Li, Zhenghan Zhang, Jun Zhong, Xiaoxiao Huang, Bo Zhong and Xiaoyan Luo

Small, 2025, 21
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Achieving long-term durability in solar water splitting: a comprehensive review of degradation mechanisms and stabilization strategies

Yoongu Lim, Tae-Yong An, Dae Jun Moon, Yong Tae Kim, Dongjin Lee, Jaeyeong Heo and Uk Sim

J. Korean Ceram. Soc., 2026
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Advanced polymer design and synthesis for high-performance membranes in water electrolysis

Hojoon Choi, Yi Sak Noh, Du Yeol Ryu, Yusuke Yamauchi, Chang-Min Yoon, Seung Soo Oh, Jungmok You, Duk Man Yu and Jeonghun Kim

Progress in Polymer Science, 2026, 174, 102087
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Imidazole-Tailored Ionomers Achieve Concurrent Proton Conduction Boost and Electron Transport Retention in the Anode Catalyst Layer for PEM Water Electrolysis

Penglin Yang, Jian Huang, Fang Chen, DingDing Ye, Jie Song, Guizhi Xu, Liang Zhang, Jun Li, Xun Zhu and Qiang Liao

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 14693
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Operational Stability Factor: A Comprehensive Metric for Assessing Catalyst Durability in Dynamic Water Electrolyzer Conditions

Jinyeop Kim, Jongsu Noh and Dong Young Chung

ACS Energy Lett., 2025, 10, 2574
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Degradation Mechanisms in PEM Water Electrolysis: Diagnosis and Impact

Annik Bernhardt, Katja Lange, Robert Göckeritz, Erik Grunwald, Angelika Hähnel, Alexander Müller, Volker Naumann, Sistan Rasuli, Wolfram Münchgesang, Bruno G. Pollet, Kerstin Witte‐Bodnar and Klemens Ilse

Adv Materials Technologies, 2026
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Porous Transport Layers with Laser Micropatterning for Enhanced Mass Transport in PEM Water Electrolyzers

Kuang Zhu, Hao Zhang, Liyan Zhu, Tian Tian, Haibo Tang, Xingchen Lu, Bei He, Fanglin Wu and Haolin Tang

Nano Lett., 2024, 24, 10656
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Durability of NiFe-based oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in AEM water electrolyzer under fluctuating power supply

Zhihang Wan, Dongxue Rui, Lanlan Wu, Guihua Liu, Jingde Li and Xiaohang Du

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 688, 456
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High-pressure proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Current status and challenges in hydrogen production

Shiyu Bin, Zeyi Chen, Yanxi Zhu, Yixiang Zhang, Yan Xia, Shihao Gong, Fanhang Zhang, Lei Shi, Xiongbo Duan and Zhiqiang Sun

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 67, 390
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Insights into the degradation mechanisms of cost-effective bipolar plate in PEMWE environment under photovoltaic fluctuating inputs

Hongxu Cheng, Hong Luo, Yue Chang, Jie Song and Guizhi Xu

Corrosion Science, 2026, 259, 113490
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Identification and monitoring of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers with degradation parameter estimation

Juarez S. Azevedo, Maria Alice de F. Marques, Jorge Luis O. Santos, Jarbas A. Fernandes, Vinicius C. Santos, Julio Elias Normey-Rico and Marcus V. Americano da Costa

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 193, 152454
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Fine-tunable N-doping in carbon-coated CoFe nano-cubes for efficient hydrogen evolution in AEM water electrolysis

Ui Young Lee, Dong In Jeong, Jun Seok Ha, Ju Hyeok Lee, Hyuk Choi, Jung Hyeon Yoo, Hyuck Gu Choi, Hyun You Kim, Bong Kyun Kang, Yoo Sei Park and Dae Ho Yoon

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2025, 8
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Proton Exchange Membrane Water Splitting: Advances in Electrode Structure and Mass‐Charge Transport Optimization

Wenting Feng, Bin Chang, Yuanfu Ren, Debin Kong, Hua Bing Tao, Linjie Zhi, Mohd Adnan Khan, Rashed Aleisa, Magnus Rueping and Huabin Zhang

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
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Numerical modeling for the degradation rate of hydrocarbon-based proton exchange membrane at different current densities in water electrolysis

Chang Jin Lee, Keun-Hwan Oh, Jaeheon Song, Hyeong Deok Ham, Tae-Ho Kim, Duk Man Yu, Sang-Young Lee, Sang Jun Yoon and Soonyong So

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 127, 179
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Performance enhancement of proton electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers through modification of titanium-based porous transport layers (Ti-PTLs): A review

Mohammed Ismael

Journal of Power Sources, 2026, 665, 238965
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Tree-like hierarchical porous anode catalyst layer for efficient proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer by optimization of transportation

Zhuo-xin Lu, Qi Bao, Shuai-kui Wu, Yan Shi, Tauseef Munawar, Bin Chen, Jia-mei Mo, Hong-yi Tan, Zhi-da Wang, Chang-qing Guo, Mohammad Zhiani and Chang-feng Yan

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 123, 231
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Bridging gaps between lab- and fab-oriented anode design for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Jun Xu, Yuting Yang, Huanyu Jin, Yao Zheng and Shi-Zhang Qiao

Chem, 2025, 11, 102305
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Acid oxygen evolution reaction: Mechanisms, design principles, and prospects for application in membrane electrodes

Zhao Liu, Xiaoxia Wang, Guanqun Xie and Junjie Ge

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 499, 155901
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Femtosecond laser patterning with in situ sintering of porous transport layers simultaneously enhance both electron and gas-liquid transport in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

Jian Huang, Zhen Shen, Jun Li, Fang Chen, Barbara Mecheri, Alessandra D' Epifanio, Enrico Traversa, Liang Zhang, Qian Fu, Dingding Ye, Xun Zhu and Qiang Liao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 519, 164986
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Reversible Losses in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Sarah J. Blair, Jacob A. Wrubel, Chance Parrish, Makenzie R. Parimuha, Jayson Foster, Svitlana Pylypenko, Shaun M. Alia, Scott A. Mauger and Elliot Padgett

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2025, 172, 034517
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Joint Forces: Time-resolved Analysis of Electrochemical Performance, Nanostructure, and Iridium Dissolution of PEM Water Electrolysis Cells with Low Iridium Loadings under Harsh on/off Cycling Conditions

Mirjam Rogler, Markus Bierling, Selina Finger, Birk Fritsch, Carolin Igel, Maja Milosevic, Richard Wagner, Andreas Hutzler, Serhiy Cherevko, Simon Thiele and Michel Suermann

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2026, 173, 014504
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Highly Active and Stable Nitrogen‐Doped Ruthenium Oxide/Titanium Nitride Composite Anode Electrocatalyst for Practical Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Heng Zhang, Lili Liu, Liu Pei, Dongdong Wang and Xindong Wang

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
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Performance and durability of a 50-kW proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer using various fluctuating power sources

Kensaku Nagasawa, Hirokazu Kojima, Naoto Todoroki, Toshiaki Matsui and Yoshikazu Ito

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 175, 151356
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Identification of Representative Wind Power Fluctuation Patterns for Water Electrolysis Device Stress Testing: A Data Mining Approach

Kyong Jin Choi, Sanghoon Kim, Yongchai Kwon and Min Kyu Sim

Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2024, 41, 3251
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Guidance for targeted degradation analysis of OER kinetics of low-loading iridium-based catalysts in PEM water electrolysis cells

Mirjam Rogler, Richard Wagner, Simon Thiele and Michel Suermann

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 510, 145360
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NaCl Modification: A Novel Strategy for Boosting Oxygen Evolution Activity of Ir Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Sol Kim, Jinwoo Woo, Yen‐Linh Thi Ngo, Hee‐Young Park, Jin Young Kim, Jong Hyun Jang and Bora Seo

Small, 2025, 21
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Identification of polarization characteristics and analysis of low-frequency inductive impedance phenomena in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer

Zexuan Wu, Jing Zhang, Xinying Duan, Chao Su, Kaiyang Li, Gaosheng Wei, Yanqiang Kong, Naiqiang Zhang and Yongping Yang

Renewable Energy, 2026, 263, 125514
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Compression-induced hysteresis and degradation of titanium porous transport layers in PEM water electrolysers

Eveline Kuhnert, Madeline Dächert, Michael Lammer, Lukas Roessler-Escudero, Özge Kiziltan, Eduardo Machado-Charry, Viktor Hacker and Merit Bodner

Results in Engineering, 2025, 28, 108109
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Sustainable media feedstocks for cellular agriculture

Lutz Grossmann

Biotechnology Advances, 2024, 73, 108367
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Highly sulfonated polybenzoxazine proton exchange membrane with dimensional stability and low hydrogen permeability for water electrolysis

Longyu Tian, Min Wang, Guangming Liao, Yucheng Sun, Yezhen Chen, Yukun Hu and Zaijun Lu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 517, 164596
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Scalable Ni‑driven synthesis of Pt single‑site catalysts for hydrogen evolution

Huijing Ma, Haifei Wang, Chengcheng Cai, Hongyu Song, Qianqing Guo, Xia Long, Xufang Qian and Yixin Zhao

Nat Commun, 2026
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Fluoride‐Induced Corrosion of Stainless Steel: A Case Study for its Application as Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Bipolar Plate Material

Lena Fiedler, Darius Hoffmeister, Tien‐Ching Ma, Julian Schwarz, Ferdinand Günther, Thomas Przybilla, Erdmann Spiecker, Simon Thiele, Dominik Dworschak, Karl J. J. Mayrhofer and Andreas Hutzler

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Advances in protective coatings for porous transport layers in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers: Performance and durability insights

Leila Moradizadeh, Pramoth Varsan Madhavan, Adnan Ozden, Xianguo Li and Samaneh Shahgaldi

Energy Conversion and Management, 2025, 332, 119713
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Regenerative hydrogen energy storage modelling for northern microgrid energy design

Sophie Janke, Curran Crawford, Anthony Truelove, Martha Lenio and Behzad Hashemi

Renewable Energy, 2026, 256, 123979
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Novel Catalyst Layer Design with In Situ Constructed Cross‐Linked Porous Network Toward High‐Performance Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Ziang Wang, Zhaoping Shi, Yuqing Cheng, Ming Yang, Jinsheng Li, Zhao Jin, Meiling Xiao, Changpeng Liu and Wei Xing

ChemElectroChem, 2025, 12
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Long‐Range Conductive Pathways Boost High‐Performance Polymer‐Based Composite for Decoupled Water Electrolysis

Yuan Wei, AJing Song, Jie Pan, Yuanyuan Ma and Jianping Yang

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Comparative techno-economic evaluation of alkaline and proton exchange membrane electrolysis for hydrogen production amidst renewable energy source volatility

Joungho Park, Sungho Kang, Sunwoo Kim, Hana Kim, Hyun-Seok Cho and Jay H. Lee

Energy Conversion and Management, 2025, 325, 119423
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Chloride‐Induced Morphology Control of Pt Coatings on Titanium Porous Transport Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Liqiu Liu, Ke Hoi Nam, Yongjian Yuan, Yichang Yan, Yu‐Lung Chiu and Shangfeng Du

Adv Energy and Sustain Res, 2026, 7
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