In situ visualization of synergistic effects between electrolyte additives and catalytic electrodes in Li–O₂ batteries

By using in situ atomic force microscopy, Li–O₂ interfacial reactions promoted synergistically by the electrolyte additive K⁺ and Pt nanoparticles electrode are visualized. The Pt nanoparticles electrode promotes the formation of the intermediate lithium superoxide (LiO₂) and K⁺ assists its diffusion into the electrolyte, thereby promoting the formation of large-sized discharge products during discharging and increasing the discharge capacity of the Li–O₂ battery. These results provide direct evidence for clarifying the interfacial synergy mechanism of electrolyte additives and solid catalysts.