Issue 12, 2022

Catalytic synthesis of azoarenes via metal-mediated nitrene coupling

Abstract

Various valuable properties of azoarenes (“azo dyes”), including their vivid colors and their facile cistrans photoisomerization, lead to their wide use in the chemical industry. As a result, ∼700 000 metric tons of azo dyes are produced each year. Most currently utilized synthetic methods towards azoarenes involve harsh reaction conditions and/or toxic reagents in stoichiometric amounts, which may affect selectivity and produce significant amounts of waste. An efficient alternative method towards this functional group includes transition metal catalyzed nitrene coupling. This method is generally more sustainable compared with most stoichiometric methods as it uses only catalytic amounts of co-reactants (metal catalysts), requires easily synthesizable organoazide precursors, and forms only dinitrogen as a by-product of catalysis. During the last decade, several catalytic systems were reported, and their reactivity was investigated. This perspective article will review these systems, focusing on various nitrene coupling mechanisms, and the substrate scope for each system. Particular attention will be devoted to the iron-alkoxide catalytic systems investigated in the PI's laboratory. The design and structural features of several generations of iron bis(alkoxide) complexes will be discussed, followed by the structure–activity studies of these catalysts in nitrene homo- and heterocoupling.

Graphical abstract: Catalytic synthesis of azoarenes via metal-mediated nitrene coupling

Article information

Article type
Perspective
Submitted
23 Phe 2022
Accepted
21 Kol 2022
First published
22 Kol 2022

Dalton Trans., 2022,51, 4577-4589

Author version available

Catalytic synthesis of azoarenes via metal-mediated nitrene coupling

S. S. Kurup and S. Groysman, Dalton Trans., 2022, 51, 4577 DOI: 10.1039/D2DT00228K

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