Issue 34, 2021

Kinetics of photon upconversion by triplet–triplet annihilation: a comprehensive tutorial

Abstract

This perspective article provides a comprehensive but organized tutorial introduction of the kinetics related to photon upconversion (UC) by triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) (TTA-UC). The field of TTA-UC is multi-disciplinary and rapidly growing with the involvement of researchers from diverse backgrounds. TTA-UC consists of a series of tangled photophysical processes, so a solid understanding of the kinetic features and consequences is important to develop and evaluate materials for TTA-UC. This tutorial starts with an introduction of the standard model of TTA-UC along with the assumptions used in the model. The essential concept of the spin statistics for TTA and how this concept is related to the singlet branching ratio, which directly affects the efficiency of UC, are then explained through step-by-step analyses. Using these foundations, solutions for the steady-state behaviors are derived, featuring the universal curve that describes the excitation intensity dependence of the UC quantum yield for any sample type. Various useful functions for analyzing experimental data are also introduced and summarized. The transient behaviors of TTA-UC are then discussed along with their equations, and the usefulness for analyzing transient experimental data is explained using examples. In this article, self-consistent derivations and relevant references are provided for an easy understanding of the advanced discussion and analyses.

Graphical abstract: Kinetics of photon upconversion by triplet–triplet annihilation: a comprehensive tutorial

Article information

Article type
Perspective
Submitted
12 jun 2021
Accepted
01 avg 2021
First published
02 avg 2021

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021,23, 18268-18282

Kinetics of photon upconversion by triplet–triplet annihilation: a comprehensive tutorial

Y. Murakami and K. Kamada, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 18268 DOI: 10.1039/D1CP02654B

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements