Single-step synthesis of eucalyptus sawdust magnetic activated carbon and its adsorption behavior for methylene blue

Abstract

Eucalyptus wood-based magnetic activated carbon (MAC) was prepared using single-step carbonization activation magnetization with FeCl₃ and utilized for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The MAC was prepared using the following conditions: the mass ratio of FeCl₃ to eucalyptus sawdust was controlled to 2 : 1, the one-step carbonated activated magnetization temperature and time was 700 °C and 75 min. The prepared MAC was evaluated for textural characteristics such as the adsorption capacity, pore structure, surface chemical functional groups, magnetic properties, microcrystalline structure, and the surface morphology using the test methods described in the National Standard of China, these were N₂-adsorption–desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), value stream mapping (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorption behavior of MB on the prepared MAC at different temperatures of 298–328 K and MB initial concentration of 50.0–500.0 mg L⁻¹. The results were as follows: the iodine number, methylene blue adsorption and phenol adsorption of the prepared MAC were 473.14, 228.22 and 70.90 mg g⁻¹, respectively; MAC exhibited a microporous and mesoporous structure with a mesoporosity of 36%, the BET specific surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume were 645.23 m² g⁻¹, 2.71 nm and 0.44 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively, and for the magnetic parameters the following results were found, a H_c of 108.51 Oe, M_s of 30.37 emu g⁻¹ and M_r of 2.46 emu g⁻¹; there were OH, C–O, CO, CC, COO, C–N, and Fe–O groups on the MAC surface, and Fe₃O₄ existed in the pores and surfaces of the MAC. The MB adsorption on the MAC followed the Langmuir isotherm and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model, the adsorption process was a spontaneous, endothermic chemisorption progress, followed by the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption process was influenced by multiple diffusion steps, the pore diffusion process was the rate-controlling step, however, the adsorption process was also affected by the film diffusion and surface adsorption. The results reveal that MAC efficiently adsorbs MB and can be easily separated and recovered by an external magnetic field. The as-prepared MAC could be used as a potential adsorbent for organic pollutant wastewater treatment.