Characterization of commercial eco-glitters derived from modified regenerated cellulose after laboratory exposure in two aquatic media

Abstract

Due to their size and composition, glitter particles can be classified as primary microplastics. Their widespread use in crafts and textiles often leads to uncontrolled release into the environment, with most particles eventually reaching seawater. The European Union recently banned certain microplastics, including glitter for specific uses. Recent developments in eco-friendly glitters, primarily based on modified regenerated cellulose, claim biodegradability in aquatic environments. In this study, we assessed the degradation of commercial biodegradable glitter in purified water and seawater under laboratory conditions over 96 days, as well as the acute toxicity of their leachates on Aliivibrio fischeri. Although no toxicological effects were observed, the glitter particles retained their shape, and their chemical changes were minimal, evidencing that complete biodegradation was far from occurring, thereby posing a potential risk to higher species.