Recent progress in electrochemical C–N coupling: metal catalyst strategies and applications

Abstract

Electrochemical C–N coupling reactions hold significant importance in the fields of organic chemistry and green chemistry. Conventional methods for constructing C–N bonds typically rely on high temperatures, high pressures, and other conditions that are energy-intensive and prone to generating environmental pollutants. In contrast, the electrochemical approaches employ electrical energy as the driving force to achieve C–N bond formation under ambient conditions, representing a more environment-friendly and sustainable alternative. The notable advantages of electrochemical C–N coupling include high efficiency, good selectivity, and mild reaction conditions. Through rational design of corresponding electrocatalysts, it is possible to achieve efficient C–N bond coupling at low potentials. Moreover, the electrochemical methods allow for precise control over reaction conditions, thereby avoiding side reactions and by-products that are common for conventional methods, improving both selectivity and product purity. Despite the extensive research efforts devoted to exploring the potential of electrochemical C–N coupling, the design of efficient and stable metal catalysts remains a significant challenge. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the latest strategies developed for designing metal catalysts, and their application prospects for different nitrogen sources such as N₂ and NO_x. We delineate how the control over nanoscale structures, morphologies, and electronic properties of metal catalysts can optimize their performance in C–N coupling reactions, and discuss the performances and advantages of single-metal catalysts, bimetallic catalysts, and single-atom catalysts under various reaction conditions. By summarizing the latest research achievements, particularly in the development of high-efficiency catalysts, the application of novel catalyst materials, and the in-depth study of reaction mechanisms, this review aims to provide insights for future research in the field of electrochemical C–N coupling, and demonstrates that rationally designed metal catalysts could not only enhance the efficiency and selectivity of electrochemical C–N coupling reactions, but also offer conceptual frameworks for other electrochemical reactions.