Metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks as photocatalysts for H2O2 production from oxygen and water

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plays a vital role in various industries, from healthcare and pharmaceuticals to water treatment and electronics. Its importance lies in its versatility as a powerful and green oxidizing agent and disinfectant. However, with an anticipated increase in demand for H₂O₂, greener production methods are required. Photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation (from O₂ and/or H₂O) using Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intrinsic characteristics of MOFs and COFs, focusing on strategies to enhance light harvesting, charge separation, charge mobility, and the associated oxidation and reduction reactions. By addressing current limitations, this review elucidates the fundamental physicochemical properties of these materials, explores H₂O₂ production mechanisms, and outlines future directions for improved photocatalytic performance.