Issue 13, 2023

Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

Abstract

Herein, we present the state of the art technology on the recycling, reuse, thermal decomposition (by thermolysis, thermal processing, flash pyrolysis, smoldering, open burning, open-air detonation, and incineration), and the life cycle assessment of fluoropolymers (FPs, ranging from poly(tetrafluoroethylene), PTFE, and poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, to various fluorinated copolymers based on VDF and TFE). FPs are niche specialty polymers endowed with exceptional properties and have found many applications in high-tech industries. However, compared to other polymers, the reuse of FPs is still not well-established and is in its infancy. Accordingly, their recycling has attracted increasing interest, even reaching the pilot stage. In addition, recently, several studies have been reported on vitrimers, which are regarded as polymers ranking between thermosets and thermoplastics. In this case, although many articles have reported to date on the thermal degradation of these technical polymers, intensive efforts have been devoted to avoiding the release of low molar mass oligomers and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS, and especially polymerisation aids such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its alternatives), while various reports demonstrated the complete decomposition of PTFE, leading to the formation of TFE (and hexafluoropropylene or octafluorocyclobutane to a lesser extent). Incineration is one of only a few technologies that can potentially degrade FPs and completely degrade PTFE and other PFAS from 850 °C. Recent studies on the mineralisation of FPs under subcritical water represent an interesting approach to close the loop of the fluorine chemistry cycle. Because of the high molar masses (several million for PTFE) and thermal, chemical, photochemical, and hydrolytic inertness and biological stability of FPs, it has been clearly evidenced that they satisfy the 13 accepted regulatory assessment criteria to be considered as polymers of low concern.

Graphical abstract: Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
22 dec 2022
First published
07 jún 2023

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023,52, 4208-4247

Author version available

Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

B. Améduri and H. Hori, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023, 52, 4208 DOI: 10.1039/D2CS00763K

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements