Beyond the Coulson–Fischer point: characterizing single excitation CI and TDDFT for excited states in single bond dissociations

Abstract

Linear response time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), which builds upon configuration interaction singles (CIS) and TD-Hartree–Fock (TDHF), is the most widely used class of excited state quantum chemistry methods and is often employed to study photochemical processes. This paper studies the behavior of the resulting excited state potential energy surfaces beyond the Coulson–Fischer (CF) point in single bond dissociations, when the optimal reference determinant is spin-polarized. Many excited states exhibit sharp kinks at the CF point, and connect to different dissociation limits via a zone of unphysical concave curvature. In particular, the unrestricted M_S = 0 lowest triplet T₁ state changes character, and does not dissociate into ground state fragments. The unrestricted M_S = ±1 T₁ CIS states better approximate the physical dissociation limit, but their degeneracy is broken beyond the CF point for most single bond dissociations. On the other hand, the M_S = ±1 T₁ TDHF states reach the asymptote too soon, by merging with the ground state from the CF point onwards. Use of local exchange–correlation functionals causes M_S = ±1 T₁ TDDFT states to resemble their unphysical M_S = 0 counterpart. The 2 orbital, 2-electron model system of minimal basis H₂ is analytically treated to understand the origin of these issues, revealing that the lack of double excitations is at the root of these remarkable observations. The behavior of excited state surfaces is also numerically examined for species like H₂, NH₃, C₂H₆ and LiH in extended basis sets.