Photocyclization by a triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion pair in water – avoiding UV-light and oxygen removal

Abstract

We present a formal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of unsaturated ketones enabled by a green-to-ultraviolet triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) pair, using commercially available Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and pyrene as sensitizer and annihilator, respectively. In the developed protocol, visible light irradiation at λ_max = 520 nm allows for the reaction to proceed without the need for UV-light and the aqueous medium eliminates the need for oxygen removing protocols. Through this study, the application of the readily available upconversion pair is broadened to include cyclization reactions. We showcase the utility of the system by generating bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that are valuable bioisosteres of ortho-substituted benzenes, a promising motif for pharmaceuticals.