Quantitative framework development for understanding the relationship between doping and photoelectrochemical energy conversion of TiO2

Abstract

Efficient energy harvesting devices are required to achieve sustainable development goals. Titania is a semiconductor that has attracted substantial research attention in pursuit of energy independence since it is an abundant, stable, toxin-free, and energy-prospective substance. Careful tailoring of morphological and electronic properties is required to address the poor conductivity of TiO₂ to achieve competitive Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). Adding an optimum amount of impurity to TiO₂ is one of the prominent methods to increase its conductivity. This review critically analyzes doping of TiO₂ in light of the power conversion efficiencies of various electrochemical cells. This review suggests an alternative quantitative framework for developing and establishing the relationship between doping and photoelectrochemical energy conversion in TiO₂-based devices. It offers an alternative for accurate data reporting after a careful analysis of the PCE data in research articles and data reporting processes now in use. This study provides information on data analysis, visualization, and contemporary techniques for doping TiO₂.