Graphene oxide/perylene–aniline electrochemiluminescence platform for protein detection based on molecule recognition

Abstract

Most biosensors for folate receptor (FR) detection based on folic acid (FA) recognition usually contain FA-linked single-strand DNA (FA-ssDNA) and nuclease to promote sensitivity, which increases expenses and involves complicated assay processes. A few electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors that do not use FA-ssDNA and nuclease directly graft FA onto an ECL nanomaterial through covalent bonding for FR detection. In this study, we used FA-ssDNA to non-covalently graft FA onto π-conjugated ECL nanomaterial graphene oxide (GO)/perylene–aniline for fabricating ultrasensitive FR sensors without nuclease. 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and aniline (An) self-assembled into π-conjugated nanorods, which were then loaded onto GO. This material was reported to produce 673 nm-dominated ECL with the co-reactant K₂S₂O₈, and was used as an ECL platform. FA-modified Poly-dA-ssDNA (FA-Poly-dA-ssDNA) molecules, consisting of 20 bases, were attached to the surface of GO/PTCDA-An to capture FR. A significant decrease of ECL intensity was observed due to the steric hindrance of FR. The proposed sensors exhibited high detection sensitivity with a linear range from 1 fg mL⁻¹ to 1 ng mL⁻¹ and a detection limit of 0.636 fg mL⁻¹. The sensors also showed good potential in real sample detection. Without introducing nuclease and complicated chemical reactions, this work provides a new sensing strategy for protein detection based on molecular recognition, which is extremely important in clinical diagnosis.