Na-Ion storage in iron hydroxide phosphate hydrate through a reversible crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition

Abstract

Iron(III) hydroxide phosphate hydrate Fe_1.13(PO₄)(OH)_0.39(H₂O)_0.61 is investigated for the first time as a Na-ion battery cathode, which reveals that the material exhibits similar storage capacities for Na- and Li-ions at relatively low current rates (i.e. C/10). Interestingly, operando X-ray diffraction shows that insertion of Na-ions induces a solid solution transition in the crystalline Fe_1.13(PO₄)(OH)_0.39(H₂O)_0.61 end-member simultaneously with a major amorphization. This result adds to the series of observations of phosphate-based materials undergoing order-disorder transitions during Na-ion storage. Fe_1.13(PO₄)(OH)_0.39(H₂O)_0.61 is thus ideal for enhancing our knowledge on such phenomena. To this end, using total X-ray scattering with pair distribution function analysis, we show that the amorphous phase is Na-rich Na_xFe_1.13(PO₄)(OH)_0.39(H₂O)_0.61 with the local [FeO₆]-[PO₄] motif retained but with coherence lengths of only ca. 0.6 nm. Our investigation also reveals that the crystallinity of Fe_1.13(PO₄)(OH)_0.39(H₂O)_0.61 is regained upon Na-extraction (battery recharge), i.e. the order-disorder transition is reversible.