Bifunctional defect mediated direct Z-scheme g-C3N4−x/Bi2O3−y heterostructures with enhanced piezo-photocatalytic properties for efficient tooth whitening and biofilm eradication

Abstract

Biofilm-associated dental diseases and tooth discoloration have recently become the major barriers to achieve healthy teeth. However, there are few effective strategies to address these issues. Herein, the piezo-photocatalytic process is first proposed to be applied for biofilm eradication and tooth whitening with well-designed direct Z scheme g-C₃N_4−x/Bi₂O_3−y heterostructures. DFT calculation and XPS results verify the formation of direct Z scheme g-C₃N₄/Bi₂O₃ heterostructures theoretically and experimentally. Using the direct Z scheme g-C₃N_4−x/Bi₂O_3−y heterostructure, excellent piezo-photocatalytic effects for tooth whitening and biofilm removal are achieved. For piezo-photocatalytic degradation of the typical food colorant of indigo carmine the degradation rate constant is about quadruple that of piezocatalytic and 2.6 times of photocatalytic treatment. Tooth whitening experiments indicate that g-C₃N_4−x/Bi₂O_3−y could whiten the stained teeth through the synergistic piezo-photocatalysis. In addition, excellent antibacterial performances can be obtained on the g-C₃N_4−x/Bi₂O_3−y heterostructure through piezo-photocatalytic treatment. Not only the planktonic S. mutans but also those bacteria embedded in biofilms can be effectively killed. The analyses of the piezo-photocatalytic mechanism indicates that the enhanced piezo-photocatalytic performance of the g-C₃N_4−x/Bi₂O_3−y heterostructure could be attributed to the much higher separation efficiency of photoexcited charge carriers, increased production amounts of ROS and superior adsorption ability for bacteria than those with bare semiconductors of g-C₃N_4−x and Bi₂O_3−y and those treated only with ultrasonic vibration or irradiation. Biosafety results show that the g-C₃N_4−x/Bi₂O_3−y heterostructure is biologically safe and piezo-photocatalytic treatment has no harm the tooth structure, demonstrating the great potential of piezo-photocatalytic effect based new tooth whitening and antibacterial technology in future dental care fields.