Catalysis in motion: unlocking mechanistic insights with dynamic transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

Understanding catalytic processes as they evolve under reaction conditions is essential for the rational design of efficient catalysts. Dynamic transmission electron microscopy (DTEM) has become an important tool for probing these dynamic transformations. In this contribution, we outline the development, capabilities, and future directions of DTEM in catalysis research. Key challenges, including electron beam effects and the difficulty of correlating structural dynamics with catalytic performance, are discussed. Innovations in data science, particularly machine learning for image analysis and correlative multimodal approaches, are identified as critical tools for advancing catalyst diagnostics. When combined with spectroscopy and theoretical modeling, DTEM serves as a foundational tool for building a mechanistic understanding of catalysis. As capabilities continue to evolve, DTEM is expected to provide deeper insights into existing catalytic systems and accelerate the discovery of next-generation catalysts.