Near-infrared fluorescence imaging is key in biological exploration. Short emission wavelengths of xanthene dyes limit their use. Structural modifications shift emissions to the NIR-I/II range, enhancing their biomedical applications.
This review analyzes strategies to convert key fluorophores into red/NIR emitting derivatives, with typical examples of how such fluorophores can be used to develop molecular probes for biological analytes, along with key sensing features.
This review focuses on fluorescence mechanisms for viscosity responsiveness, highlighting some important probes like coumarin, BODIPY, and xanthene as well as the application of these viscosity-sensitive probes for successful diabetes detection.
An easily-prepared fluorene derivative exhibits diverse OFF–ON/ON–OFF fluorescent behaviors for fast detecting Al3+/Cr3+/Cu2+ and OFF–ON–OFF dynamic responses to quantifying Fe3+/ClO−, synchronously with multiple absorption–ratiometric changes.
Oxidative stress is closely related to the physiopathology of numerous diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are direct participants and important biomarkers of oxidative stress.