Recent advances in liquid metals as electrodes, electrolytes and interface stabilizers for lithium batteries and beyond

Abstract

Traditional lithium-ion batteries cannot meet high energy density demands with the popularization of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and portable electronics. Thus, novel electrode materials with high theoretical capacity and solid-state electrolytes have been developed. However, they suffer from structural failure and interface instability, limiting their practical application. This review presents the recent advances in liquid metals (LMs) as key electrodes, electrolyte materials, and interface stabilizers for lithium batteries and beyond. First, the typical characteristics of LMs are introduced, including their low melting points, tunable surface properties, high electrical conductivity, self-healing property, and fluidity, showing potential application in next-generation lithium batteries. Subsequently, we focus on the applications of LMs in cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes for lithium batteries and beyond. Finally, the remaining challenges and future opportunities associated with using LMs in high-performance energy storage devices are illustrated.