Recent development and future perspectives for the electrosynthesis of hydroxylamine and its derivatives

Abstract

Hydroxylamine (NH₂OH) is a crucial raw material and chemical intermediate with significant applications in medicine, materials science, and semiconductor industries. Conventional synthetic methods for NH₂OH are usually accompanied by high energy consumption and environmental pollution. Recently, electrochemical synthesis has emerged as a greener and more sustainable alternative in comparison with conventional methods. In this review, we highlight the cutting-edge advances in the electrosynthesis of NH₂OH and its derivatives. Starting from the upstream reactants, we analyze the reaction mechanisms of reactive nitrogen oxides involved in NH₂OH electrosynthesis, with a particular focus on the specific pathways for producing NH₂OH or adsorbed NH₂OH (*NH₂OH) on various catalysts. Regarding the downstream applications of NH₂OH, we clarify the catalytic systems for the synthesis of various value-added chemicals stemming from NH₂OH or *NH₂OH. Finally, we address the critical challenges and future directions in the electrosynthesis of NH₂OH and its derivatives. This review aims to provide insights into the development of innovative catalyst design, in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms, and potential industrial applications for the electrosynthesis of NH₂OH and its derivatives.