Aluminum graphite dual-ion batteries: Recent advances and challenges

Abstract

Aluminum–graphite dual-ion batteries (AGDIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative in electrochemical energy storage due to aluminum’s abundance, low cost, intrinsic safety, high power density, and excellent performance across a wide range of temperatures. Unlike single-ion rocking-chair batteries, AGDIBs operate via a dual-ion mechanism: Al plating/stripping at the Al anode and AlCl4− anions intercalation/deintercalation in the graphitic carbon cathode. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the development of AGDIBs, particularly in anode interface engineering, graphite cathode optimization, and the formulation of novel electrolytes. Despite these advancements, critical challenges persist, including the low specific capacity of the graphitic carbon cathode and severe electrolyte-induced corrosion. This review offers a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of recent advancements and persistent challenges in the development of AGDIBs. It systematically examines innovations across all components—including anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and others—highlighting breakthroughs in materials design and performance optimization. Beyond summarizing progress, the review critically identifies unresolved issues and knowledge gaps, offering forward-looking insights to guide future research efforts.