Issue 14, 2024

Synthesis of pure and doped nano-calcium phosphates using different conventional methods for biomedical applications: a review

Abstract

The applications of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate (alpha and beta), fluorapatite, di-calcium phosphate anhydrous, and amorphous calcium–phosphate) are increasing day by day. Calcium hydroxyapatite, commonly known as hydroxyapatite (HAp), represents a mineral form of calcium apatite. Owing to its close molecular resemblance to the mineral constituents of bones, teeth, and hard tissues, HAp is often employed in the biomedical domain. In addition, it is extensively employed in various sectors such as the remediation of water, air, and soil pollution. The key advantage of HAp lies in its potential to accommodate a wide variety of anionic and cationic substitutions. Nevertheless, HAp and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) syntheses typically involve the use of chemical precursors containing calcium and phosphorus sources and employ diverse techniques, such as solid-state, wet, and thermal methods or a combination of these processes. Researchers are increasingly favoring natural sources such as bio-waste (eggshells, oyster shells, animal bones, fish scales, etc.) as viable options for synthesizing HAp. Interestingly, the synthesis route significantly influences the morphology, size, and crystalline phase of calcium phosphates. In this review paper, we highlight both dry and wet methods, which include six commonly used synthesis methods (i.e. solid-state, mechano-chemical, wet-chemical precipitation, hydrolysis, sol–gel, and hydrothermal methods) coupled with the variation in source materials and their influence in modifying the structural morphology from a bulky state to nanoscale to explore the applications of multifunctional calcium phosphates in different formats.

Graphical abstract: Synthesis of pure and doped nano-calcium phosphates using different conventional methods for biomedical applications: a review

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
01 дек 2023
Accepted
14 фев 2024
First published
20 фев 2024

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024,12, 3376-3391

Synthesis of pure and doped nano-calcium phosphates using different conventional methods for biomedical applications: a review

Md. Kawsar, Md. Sahadat Hossain, Md. K. Alam, N. M. Bahadur, Md. A. A. Shaikh and S. Ahmed, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, 12, 3376 DOI: 10.1039/D3TB02846A

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements