225Ac/213Bi radionuclide generators for the separation of 213Bi towards clinical demands

Abstract

Bismuth-213 (²¹³Bi) is a promising radionuclide for clinical application in targeted alpha therapy of cancers. ²²⁵Ac/²¹³Bi radionuclide generators are of particular interest for the production/separation of ²¹³Bi. This review aims to give an overview of the current status of ²²⁵Ac production, ²²⁵Ac/²¹³Bi radionuclide generator systems, the types of adsorbents, separation conditions, separation mechanisms, and critical challenges. The review also provides guidance for investigating emerging new sorbents that can be developed to overcome the limitations of currently used sorbents.