Issue 23, 2022

Instrument-free single-step direct estimation of the plasma glucose level from one drop of blood using smartphone-interfaced analytics on a paper strip

Abstract

We demonstrated an instrument-free miniaturized adaptation of the laboratory gold standard methodology for the direct estimation of plasma glucose from a drop of whole blood using a low-cost single-user-step paper-strip sensor interfaced with a smartphone. Unlike a majority of the existing glucose meters that use whole blood-based indirect sensing technologies, our direct adaptation of the gold-standard laboratory benchmark could eliminate the possibilities of cross interference with other analytes present in the whole blood by facilitating an in situ plasma separation, capillary flow and colorimetric reaction occurring concomitantly, without incurring additional device complexity or embodiment. The test reagents were dispensed in lyophilized form, and the resulting paper strips were found to be stable over three months stored in a normal freezer, rendering easy adaptability commensurate with the constrained supply chains in extreme resource-poor settings. Quantitative results could be arrived at via a completely-automated mobile-app-based image analytics interface developed using dynamic machine learning, obviating manual interpretation. The tests were demonstrated to be of high efficacy, even when executed by minimally trained frontline personnel having no special skill of drawing precise volume of blood, on deployment at under-resourced community centres having no in-built or accessible healthcare infrastructure. Clinical validation using 220 numbers of human blood samples in a double-blinded manner evidenced sensitivity and specificity of 98.11% and 96.7%, respectively, as compared to the results obtained from a laboratory-benchmarked biochemistry analyser, establishing its efficacy for public health and community disease management in resource-limited settings without any quality compromise of the test outcome.

Graphical abstract: Instrument-free single-step direct estimation of the plasma glucose level from one drop of blood using smartphone-interfaced analytics on a paper strip

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
02 set 2022
Accepted
27 out 2022
First published
31 out 2022

Lab Chip, 2022,22, 4666-4679

Instrument-free single-step direct estimation of the plasma glucose level from one drop of blood using smartphone-interfaced analytics on a paper strip

S. K. Biswas, S. Chatterjee, S. Laha, V. Pakira, N. K. Som, S. Saha and S. Chakraborty, Lab Chip, 2022, 22, 4666 DOI: 10.1039/D2LC00824F

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