Engineering Strategies in Rational Design of Cu-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: From Doping of Elements to Defects creation

Abstract

The rational design of copper (Cu)-based catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction has garnered substantial attention due to its potential to mitigate climate change by converting CO2 into valuable chemical products. This paper explores a spectrum of engineering strategies employed to optimize Cu-based catalysts, ranging from element doping to defect engineering. Each strategy offers unique advantages and presents specific challenges. Element doping, particularly with noble metals like silver (Ag), yields exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity but may pose issues related to cost and long-term stability. In contrast, defect engineering utilizing Cu as the primary material provides an economical and sustainable approach, demanding precise control for stability and reliability. Moreover, the single-atom approach has emerged as a groundbreaking strategy, ensuring unparalleled efficiency, cost-effectiveness, stability, and reliability in the production of multi-carbon products through CO2 reduction. This method permits meticulous control over active sites, addressing challenges concerning efficiency and selectivity. Additionally, oxidation state engineering, alloy design, composite formation, molecular surface functionalization, interfacial engineering, and numerous other tactics diversify the toolkit available for Cu-based catalyst design, offering flexibility and adaptability to suit specific applications and objectives. The future of Cu-based catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction is promising, with prospects for multifunctional catalysts, scalability, durability, and integration with renewable energy sources. Rigorous assessments of environmental impact and supportive regulatory frameworks will be pivotal as these technologies mature, fostering their sustainable deployment and global impact. This paper underscores the significance of Cu-based catalysts as a means to combat climate change and highlights the need for continued research, innovation, and international collaboration in this vital effort.