Advances in microwave-absorbing materials: from fundamentals to emerging technologies

Abstract

Electromagnetic pollution, or electromagnetic interference (EMI), has surged with the widespread use of electronic devices and communication systems across consumer, commercial, and industrial sectors. In the defence domain, the demand for microwave-absorbing materials has grown rapidly due to advancements in fifth-generation fighter jet technologies and the need to suppress RADAR-detectable signals. EMI not only disrupts the performance of electronic systems but also poses potential health risks to humans and animals. In response, extensive research has focused on developing effective microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) to mitigate unwanted radiation. This review highlights recent progress in MAMs, with a focus on different conducting carbon-based (like biomass-driven, CNT, graphene, carbon black, etc.), MXene, different dielectric (like dielectric 2D materials, dielectric nanomaterials, etc.) and magnetic materials. It outlines the basics of microwave absorption (MA) and presents an in-depth discussion on polymer-based composites and nanostructured materials with core–shell, yolk–shell, and other porous morphologies that exhibit superior absorption performance. Additionally, it explores enhancement mechanisms such as dielectric and magnetic losses, interfacial polarization, multiple scattering, and conductive loss through structural and compositional tuning. The review provides an overview of the current state of MAMs and suggests future directions for improving their effectiveness in combating electromagnetic pollution.