Issue 5, 2016

Emerging investigators series: disinfection by-products in mixed chlorine dioxide and chlorine water treatment

Abstract

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an alternative to chlorine in water treatment due to its more limited formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, on-site generation of ClO2 often involves the production of free chlorine, unreacted reagents or side-reaction products. The disinfectant is thus a mixture of ClO2 and chlorine. The focus of this study was on the role of the mixed ClO2/chlorine oxidant in the changes of the precursors of DBPs including trihalomethanes (THMs), chloral hydrate (CH), haloketones (HKs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), chlorite and chlorate. The influence of bromide ions in water was also included. The ratio of ClO2 to chlorine was found to significantly affect the DBPs formed, depending on the water sample's properties. In the three waters tested, THMs formation was the least at a ClO2 to chlorine mass ratio of 1 : 0.5 or 1 : 0.8. Both decreases and increases in the formation of CH and HKs after ClO2/chlorine pre-oxidation were observed compared with using ClO2 alone. The formation of HANs and TCNM was the least at a ClO2 to chlorine mass ratio of 1 : 0.5 or 1 : 0.8, although in the GM water sample no trend was apparent. In the presence of bromide, more bromine incorporation was found after ClO2/chlorine pre-oxidation than when ClO2 alone was used or without pre-oxidation at all. With an increase in the chlorine fraction in the mixed oxidant, less chlorite was formed; chlorate formation was enhanced instead. Therefore, the ratio of ClO2 to chlorine needs to be monitored and adjusted to obtain the best control of DBP formation.

Graphical abstract: Emerging investigators series: disinfection by-products in mixed chlorine dioxide and chlorine water treatment

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
04 mar 2016
Accepted
23 mai 2016
First published
24 mai 2016

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2016,2, 838-847

Emerging investigators series: disinfection by-products in mixed chlorine dioxide and chlorine water treatment

W. Gan, H. Huang, X. Yang, Z. Peng and G. Chen, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2016, 2, 838 DOI: 10.1039/C6EW00061D

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