Trans- and cis palmitoleic acids stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells with a similar potency. Both isomers activate GPR40, GPR55, GPR119, and GPR120 receptors with similar potency but with activation of different signaling pathways.
EPA improve depressive-like behaviour by ameliorating neuroinflammation and modulating synaptic plasticity via GPR120.
Aberrant fatty acid metabolism promotes cardiovascular disease via oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. Targeting key pathways and optimizing lipid intake offers promising strategies for prevention and treatment.
Black tea-theaflavins lower postprandial hyperglycemia by raising plasma GLP-1 and insulin levels in mice. Theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF2B) effectively activates GPR55, and promotes GLP-1 release via Ca2+/CaMKII and ERK1/2 pathways in STC-1 cells.
Different ratios of DHA/EPA-reversed IR by improving adipocyte dysfunction and lipid disorders in HFD-induced IR mice, and a 1.5 : 1 ratio of DHA/EPA (4%) supplement is recommended in people with abnormal glucose metabolism.