Ion-sensitive field effect transistor biosensors for biomarker detection: Current progress and challenges

Abstract

The ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) has emerged as a pivotal sensor device due to its remarkable advantages, including label-free operation, miniaturization, high sensitivity, and rapid response speed. At present, ISFET technology excels in the detection of ions, nucleic acids, proteins, and even cellular components, finding extensive application in diverse fields, including early disease screening, condition monitoring, and drug analysis. Recent advancements in sensing methodologies, coupled with breakthroughs in nanomaterials and microelectronics, have significantly enhanced sensor performance. These developments are steering ISFETs towards a promising future characterized by heightened sensitivity, seamless integration, and multifaceted detection capabilities. This review delves into the structure and operational principles of ISFETs, shedding light on recent research developments in ISFET biosensors for biomarker detection. Furthermore, it scrutinizes the constraints inherent to these sensors, outlines potential solutions, and sets forth expectations for their future trajectory. This review serves as a valuable reference for advancing ISFETs in the domain of biomarker measurement.