A green marriage: the union of theophylline's catalytic activity and healing potential

Abstract

In recent studies, theophylline has been shown to be a green, effective, and biodegradable catalyst suitable for various multicomponent processes. This review explores theophylline's biological synthesis, catabolism, and advanced extraction methods, demonstrating its versatility. Theophylline is utilized to synthesize metal complexes through innovative methods, including the preparation of imidazolium salts and their conversion into N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. The therapeutic application of theophylline in the pharmaceutical and medical domains is enhanced by these complexes, which exhibit encouraging potential as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. It exhibits a high yield and efficiency in organic reactions, particularly in acylation, methylation, and nucleophilic substitution reactions, making it a good fit for industrial processes. The review also discusses potential neurological side effects of theophylline and offers prevention and therapy options. It is recommended for future studies to in-depth elucidate theophylline's properties, effects, and uses for improving industrial operations and treating medical conditions. In this thorough analysis, theophylline's adaptability and potential are highlighted, paving the way for more research and development of its wide range of applications.