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Recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode: an overview

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Cathode recycling of lithium-ion batteries based on reusable hydrophobic eutectic solvents

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Green Chem., 2022, 24, 5107
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Exploring the influence of hydrogen bond donors in deep eutectic solvents on the extraction of metals during the recycling process of lithium-ion batteries

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Green synthesis of iron-doped cobalt sulfide via synergistic electronic and structural engineering in ethaline deep eutectic solvent for efficient oxygen evolution reaction

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An ultra-fast and eco-friendly recycling process for spent LIBs using deep eutectic solvents: mechanism and life-cycle insight

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Green Chem., 2025, 27, 14648
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Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion battery cathode material by combining solvoleaching and solvent extraction

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Green Chem., 2022, 24, 2839
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High-efficiency leaching of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion ternary batteries under mild conditions using green deep eutectic solvents

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Green Chem., 2025, 27, 163
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Green direct recycling of spent LiFePO4via electronic structure reconstruction and reinforced Fe–O d–p orbital hybridization for enhanced energy storage performance

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Green Chem., 2026, 28, 2463
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Review of the application of ionic liquid systems in achieving green and sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

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Green recycling of spent Li-ion battery cathodes via deep-eutectic solvents

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Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of green chemistry

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Green Chem., 2021, 23, 6139
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Machine learning models accelerate deep eutectic solvent discovery for the recycling of lithium-ion battery cathodes

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Green Chem., 2024, 26, 7857
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Ionometallurgy: an academic exercise or promising approach?

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Deep eutectic solvents in E-waste recycling: preparation, properties, and hydrometallurgical metal recovery

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UN Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13. How sustainable are the metals in our journey to clean energy storage?

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Synthesis of a magnetic crown ether ion imprinted polymer material for the selective adsorption of lithium

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New J. Chem., 2023, 47, 3134
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Ultra-high efficient lithium recovery via terephthalic acid from spent lithium-ion batteries

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Highly efficient dissolution of the cathode materials of spent Ni–Co–Mn lithium batteries using deep eutectic solvents

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Green Chem., 2022, 24, 6562
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A novel strategy of lithium recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries using imidazolium ionic liquid

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 41, 246
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A comprehensive review of emerging technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

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Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 910, 168543
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Electrospun nanofiber membrane of dibenzo 14-crown-4-ether polyimide for efficient selective lithium recovery from discarded lithium-ion batteries

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Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 334, 126018
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Beyond the Conventional Leaching: Exploring Pyruvic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material

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ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 12827
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Classification and progress of extraction technologies for nonferrous metal resources

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Novel natural deep eutectic solvent to extraction valuable metal from spent lithium-ion batteries

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Facets regulation of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 by B-doping to enable high stability and adsorption capacity for lithium extraction

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Metal separation and recovery employing choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents: Diverse functions of water

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Enhanced performance of Li+ adsorption for H1.6Mn1.6O4 ion-sieves modified by Co doping and micro array morphology

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Mild and efficient recovery of lithium-ion battery cathode material by deep eutectic solvents with natural and cheap components

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Green Chemical Engineering, 2023, 4, 303
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One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries by phosphoric acid-based deep eutectic solvent

Yuning Zhang, Peng Cui, Guiling Luo, Linlin Chen, Xiaowei Li, Yanhong Chao and Wenshuai Zhu

Green Chemical Engineering, 2024, 5, 390
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Novel lithium ion-sieve spinning fiber composite of PVDF-HMO for lithium recovery from geothermal water

Haoran Li, Jiayu Qin, Kaiyu Zhao, Yafei Guo, Bojia Tong, Murodjon Samadiy, Umarbek Alimov and Tianlong Deng

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434, 139997
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Progresses in Sustainable Recycling Technology of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Kaidi Du, Edison Huixiang Ang, Xinglong Wu and Yichun Liu

Energy & Environ Materials, 2022, 5, 1012
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Selective Recovery Lithium from Mother Liquor via Solvent Extraction: A Review on Extractants, Mechanisms, and Efficiency

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The status and trend of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride for recycling valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries

Haoyuan Deng, Ben Wang, Junqing Xu, Haochen Zhu, Wenzhi He and Guangming Li

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Mechanochemically-induced deep eutectic solvent formation for selective lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries at room temperature

Longmin Liu, Junlin Luo, Luyao Xu, Jingjing Zhou, Yanrun Mei, Jingping Hu, Huijie Hou, Kaihua Xu and Jiakuan Yang

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2026, 14, 120819
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High‐Selectivity Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Recyclable Deep Eutectic Solvents

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ChemSusChem, 2024, 17
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Intensified Interfacial Charge Boost Electrochemical Lithium Extraction from West Taijinar Brine by LiMn2O4

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Energy Fuels, 2025, 39, 19657
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Super concentrated HCl in a deep eutectic solvent as media for the integrated leaching and separation of metals from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

Ana R.F. Carreira, André Nogueira, Anna P.S. Crema, Helena Passos, Nicolas Schaeffer and João A.P. Coutinho

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 475, 146374
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Novel approach to recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrometallurgy, focused on preferential extraction of lithium

Jialin Qing, Xinsheng Wu, Li Zeng, Wenjuan Guan, Zuoying Cao, Qinggang Li, Mingyu Wang, Guiqing Zhang and Shengxi Wu

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 431, 139645
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A review of the application of deep eutectic solvents for metal recovery from diverse secondary sources

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Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2026, 443, 128903
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Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent

Honghao Yu, Shaomian Wang, Yin Li, Qian Qiao, Kun Wang and Xin Li

Green Processing and Synthesis, 2022, 11, 868
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Recent advances in green deep eutectic solvents for lithium-ion battery recycling: A perspective on bibliometric analysis

Renyin Cui, Yuhui Ran, Datao Shu, Qing Huang, Qingbin Song, Haixiang Wang, Jianming Zhu and Wenyi Yuan

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 377, 124670
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Ethanol-enhanced phosphocholine coordination for selective cobalt recovery from a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathode material

Paul Afreh, Lizhen Gao, Ali Sidhoum and Weike Zhang

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2025, 508, 145553
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3D-printed titanium-based ionic sieve monolithic adsorbent for selective lithium recovery from salt lakes

Jiangtao Yu, Jie Zhu, Guiling Luo, Linlin Chen, Xiaowei Li, Peng Cui, Peiwen Wu, Yanhong Chao, Wenshuai Zhu and Zhichang Liu

Desalination, 2023, 560, 116651
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A comprehensive review: Evaluating emerging green leaching technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

Huiying Shi, Jianfei Zhang and Leming Ou

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 506, 160006
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Construction of a high hydrophilic 3D network structure based on cellulose acetate for loading H2TiO3 in lithium extraction from geothermal water

Zhenzhen Jiang, Gaoling Liu, Chi Ma, Kangrui Sun, Mingli Li and Tianlong Deng

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 522, 168004
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Investigating the potential of deep eutectic solvents for metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries

M Widya Aryani, Azwar Manaf, Fathan Bahfie, Anton Sapto Handoko and Erik Prasetyo

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 2024, 1388, 012038
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Short‐Time and High‐Performance Recovery of Critical Metal Elements From Spent Ternary Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Selective Synergic Coordination Effect

Tianchi Liu, Zidi Yan, Weiwen Xin, Yanglansen Cui, Haoyang Ling, Zhehua Zhang, Shengyang Zhou, Ke Li, Xiang‐Yu Kong, Lei Jiang and Liping Wen

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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High-Efficiency Preferential Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Powder via Synergistic Treatment of Mechanochemical Activation and Oxidation Roasting

Fanyun Su, Xiangyang Zhou, Xiaojian Liu, Yayun Ma, Jingjing Tang, Wan Yang, Hui Wang and Juan Yang

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 15685
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Advanced strategies for selective lithium extraction from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes

Ying Zheng, Ziwen Dai, Fan Yang, Zhaoyang Li, Guang Hu, Sha Liang, Wenbo Yu, Shushan Yuan, Huabo Duan, Liang Huang, Jingping Hu, Huijie Hou and Jiakuan Yang

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2026, 227, 108756
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The Potential of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Recycling Spent Batteries: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Strategies for a Circular Economy

Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Kashif Ali, Zubera Naseem, Tadhg Kennedy, Zubair Khaliq, Kyung Chul Sun and Abdul Rehman Akbar

J. Sustain. Metall., 2026, 12, 2505
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Addressing the Reuse of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Li‐Ion Battery Recycling: Insights into Dissolution Mechanism, Metal Recovery, Regeneration and Decomposition

Michael Svärd, Chunyan Ma, Kerstin Forsberg and Pier Giorgio Schiavi

ChemSusChem, 2024, 17
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Sustainable construction of multistage porous LiMn2O4 thick electrode by 3D printing for enhanced electrochemical lithium extraction from brine

Li Zhang, Guiling Luo, Yanhong Chao, Muyao He, Jun Gu, Jianquan Deng, Jiangtao Yu, Minmeng Tang, Xiaowei Li and Wenshuai Zhu

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 114, 546
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Recycling of Li and transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries cathodes by sequential formic acid and deep eutectic solvent leaching

Huijuan Guo, Keyu Chen, Jun Wang, Khomidov Fakhriddin Gafurovich, Kadyrova Zulayho Raimovna and Linqiang Mao

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2026, 158, 242
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Oxidation pressure leaching of lithium iron phosphate: Kinetic aspects, leaching mechanism, and the behavior of lithium and iron

Shuai Rao, Tian Zhang, Deyou Wu, Wei Li, Zhiyuan Ma, Dongxing Wang, Wei Zhu and Zhiqiang Liu

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 115658
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Leaching of Metals from Spent Ni-Rich Cathode Materials (NCM811) Using Green Deep Eutectic Solvent of Hydrated Choline Chloride:Citric Acid: Water Presence Effect, Mechanism, Optimization, and Kinetic Study

Fateme Kiakojouri, Hamid Reza Mortaheb and Ali Asghar Nozaeim

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage., 2026, 3, 1139
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Recovery of Li from seawater using Li1.33Mn1.67O4 immobilized multi-stage column system

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Recovery of Cobalt from Cathode of Lithium-Ion Battery Using Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent

Xin Li, Yin Li, Qian Qiao, Kun Wang and Honghao Yu

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Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for Green Recycling of Wasted Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs): Progress on Pushing the Overall Efficiency

Zhongjie Wang, Shuie Li, Taibai Li, Tao Hu and Xiang Ge

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A green recyclable process for selective recovery of Li and Fe from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries by synergistic effect of deep eutectic solvent and oxygen

Yaozhi Zhang, Bingru Wang, Fang Wang, Yasen Dai, Shuhang Ren, Yucui Hou and Weize Wu

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In2O3 modification mitigates Jahn-Teller effect in LiMn2O4 enhancing lithium extraction efficiency and stability

Linlin Chen, Linjing Fan, Delin Lan, Jun Gu, Chen Xiaojun, Haiyan Ji, Yanhong Chao, Peiwen Wu and Wenshuai Zhu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 505, 159815
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An overview of sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling: Principles, applications, and future directions

Oğulcan Güngör, Elif Güloğlu and Gökhan Orhan

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2026, 158, 74
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Microwave-ultra-fast recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by deep eutectic solvents

Ahui Zhu, Xinyu Bian, Weijiang Han, Yong Wen, Ke Ye, Guiling Wang, Jun Yan, Dianxue Cao, Kai Zhu and Shubin Wang

Waste Management, 2023, 156, 139
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Machine-Learning-Assisted Design of Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Uncovered Hydrogen Bond Patterns

Usman L. Abbas, Yuxuan Zhang, Joseph Tapia, Selim Md, Jin Chen, Jian Shi and Qing Shao

Engineering, 2024, 39, 74
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Upcycling spent ternary cathodes in recyclable deep eutectic solvent to multifunctional catalyst for efficient and stable Li-S batteries

Hangqi Yang, Jiasheng Tong, Zhaoyang Han, Guang Ouyang, Zejun Chen, Jingwen Fan, Shizhen Li and Chuang Peng

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 83, 104737
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Lithium Selective Extraction from Zabuye Lake Brine by Task-Specific Ionic Liquids

Linlin Chen, Guang Wang, Linjing Fan, Wang Chen, Xiaowei Li, Xiaojun Chen, Haiyan Ji, Yanhong Chao, Peiwen Wu and Wenshuai Zhu

Energy Fuels, 2025, 39, 20357
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Deep eutectic solvent for green recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A review of progress and challenges

Yunhui Hua, Grzegorz Lisak and Zuotai Zhang

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High-efficiency recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A double closed-loop process

Yi Luo, Leming Ou and Chengzhe Yin

Science of The Total Environment, 2023, 875, 162567
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A reusable deep eutectic solvent for the regeneration of Li and Co metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Honghu Li, Nuoya Chen, Weifeng Liu, Huazhang Feng, Jingyun Su, Dongju Fu, Xuguang Liu, Mingxia Qiu and Luyang Wang

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 966, 171517
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Sustainable and Convenient Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by a One-Pot Extraction Process

Qingqiang Lu, Linlin Chen, Xiaowei Li, Yanhong Chao, Jing Sun, Haiyan Ji and Wenshuai Zhu

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 13851
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Emerging strategies for sustainable LCO cathode recycling: Integrating thermomechanical pretreatment with phosphocholine-DES recovery systems

Paul Afreh, Zhiqin Qin, Lizhen Gao and Weike Zhang

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Effective recycling of critical metals from LiCoO2 batteries by hydrated deep eutectic solvents: Performance, kinetic and mechanism

Chongzhi Wang, Tianhao Ai, Xiaoya Gao, Jichang Lu, Jiangping Liu, Wenjie Zhu and Yongming Luo

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2024, 59, 105088
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Super-rapid and energy-saving recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries cathode by dual-functional low-melting mixture solvents

Xuemin Jing, Pengli Zhang, Zhuojia Shi, Ziheng Dai, Jingfa Yang, Yutong Liu, Yongbo Tan and Yu Chen

Chemical Engineering Science, 2025, 318, 122156
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Phase-separated solvothermal high yields recovery of lithium and cobalt cathode precursors from end-of-life LiCoO2 lithium-ion batteries

Riccardo Morina, Eleonora Carena, Nicolò Pianta, Elisa Perona, Irene Ostroman, Piercarlo Mustarelli and Chiara Ferrara

Journal of Environmental Management, 2024, 370, 122827
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Recycling cathode material LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 by leaching with a deep eutectic solvent and metal recovery with antisolvent crystallization

Chunyan Ma, Michael Svärd and Kerstin Forsberg

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 186, 106579
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Highly selective separation of lithium with hierarchical porous lithium-ion sieve microsphere derived from MXene

Xiaowei Li, Linlin Chen, Yanhong Chao, Linhua Zhu, Guiling Luo, Jing Sun, Lei Jiang, Wenshuai Zhu, Zhichang Liu and Chunming Xu

Desalination, 2022, 537, 115847
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Sustainable recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using water-based deep eutectic solvents

Pengfei Yang, Linxing Zhou, Jun Zeng, Youming Ye, Junfeng Lan, Xuezhen Xie, Yanmeng Chen, Xiaoshu Wang and Ran Ao

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2026, 14, 120726
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Review on comprehensive recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A full component utilization process for green and sustainable production

Si-qi Jiang, Chun-chen Nie, Xi-guang Li, Shun-xiang Shi, Qiang Gao, Yi-su Wang, Xiang-nan Zhu and Zhe Wang

Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 315, 123684
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Selective recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using maleic acid-based deep eutectic solvent

Parisa Biniaz, Rabi Gol, Saeed Askari, Yvonne Hora, Parama Chakraborty Banerjee and Sankar Bhattacharya

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2025, 217, 108177
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Synergistic sulfur engineering in Amorphous Co–S nanoparticles via ChCl–EG DES–mediated synthesis for efficient overall water splitting

Youpo Mise, Shaohua Wang, Wen Shi, Yakun Yin, Juan An, Xuejiao Zhou, Wentang Xia and Wenqiang Yang

Ionics, 2025, 31, 8221
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Advancing Upcycling and Regeneration of Spent LiFePO4: Failure Mechanisms and Recovery Strategies

Yi Wang, Xue Liu, Wen Luo, Rui Xu, Ze Wang, Jean‐Jacques Gaumet and Liqiang Mai

Carbon Energy, 2026
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A new strategy for the preparation of highly stable and high-capacity electrodes for green electrochemical extraction of lithium

Junyan Zhang, Wenjing Su, Bin Yi, Yafei Guo, Tianlong Deng and Xiaoping Yu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 454, 140416
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Comparative of malonic acid aqueous solution and malonic acid-based deep eutectic solvent for LiCoO2 cathode materials recovery: Leaching efficiency and mechanism

Yunpeng Wen, Xihong He, Si Di, Kai Liu, Desheng Li and Jinjing Du

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11, 110979
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Efficient recovery and regeneration method of spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials based on novel deep eutectic solvent design

Huangjie Yang, Yuhao Sun, Junfeng He, Jing Li, Jianbin Li, Zhengping Ding and Yurong Ren

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 610, 234731
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Selective Extraction of Transition Metals from Spent LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 Cathode via Regulation of Coordination Environment

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Deep eutectic solvent with acidity, reducibility, and coordination capability for recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes

Yurun Tian, Fengyi Zhou, Zeyu Wang, Wenjun Chen, Rui Qin, Yu Chen and Tiancheng Mu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 348, 127810
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