Issue 17, 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) beyond crystallinity: amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids and MOF glasses

Abstract

The field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been incorrectly believed to be purely crystalline. However, non-crystalline MOFs (amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids, and MOF glasses) are starting to emerge as alternative materials, beyond the dictatorial domain of crystalline MOFs. Non-crystalline MOFs present many opportunities, either as novel functional materials themselves, or as vehicles to create other materials. In this extensive Review, we describe the two approaches to preparing amorphous MOFs: (1) the amorphization of crystalline MOFs and (2) the direct synthesis. Special attention is paid to the relationship between preparation method, properties and applications of amorphous MOFs. We also explore the field of MOF liquids and their applications, centering our attention to the phenomenon of melting. Finally, MOF glasses are explained. We highlight the properties and applications of the MOF glasses that are not usually found in crystalline MOFs. New related glass materials such as MOF-blends, flux melted MOFs, MOF crystal-glass composites, MOF and inorganic glass composites, and MOF glass membranes are also reviewed. We conclude the fields of amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids, and MOF glasses by presenting our thoughts on the possible future research directions.

Graphical abstract: Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) beyond crystallinity: amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids and MOF glasses

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
04 feb 2021
Accepted
12 apr 2021
First published
13 apr 2021

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021,9, 10562-10611

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) beyond crystallinity: amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids and MOF glasses

J. Fonseca, T. Gong, L. Jiao and H. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 10562 DOI: 10.1039/D1TA01043C

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