Issue 33, 2005

Some transition metal (oxy)phosphates and vanadium oxides for lithium batteries

Abstract

Iron and vanadium oxides have a rich structural chemistry when combined with phosphate groups; the transition metal most commonly in an octahedral coordination. The inductive effect increases the potential difference between Fe3+/Fe2+ and Li/Li+ couples in phosphate lattices relative to the pure iron oxides; a similar behavior is found for the corresponding vanadium compounds. Of the iron phosphates, the olivine phase LiFePO4 has high thermal and chemical stability, even when lithium-free; the challenges of low electronic conductivity are being overcome, but data is lacking on the true lithium diffusion behavior. The all-ferric lipscombite-type phase, Fe1.33PO4OH, shows the highest capacity of the iron phosphates for lithium intercalation. The ε-VOPO4 material, formed by the oxidative de-intercalation of protons from H2VOPO4, can reversibly react with two lithium atoms in two steps. The face- and edge-sharing transition metal octahedra lead to a range of interesting and structurally revealing magnetic interactions. A number of vanadium oxide phases are known, with those containing VO6 octahedra showing the greatest stability when undergoing redox reactions. Such structures have been synthesized using xerogel, hydrothermal and electrochemical methods. The double-sheet delta structures show reversible lithium intercalation of up to one lithium ion per vanadium, leading to the highest storage capacities. However, the large potential width of discharge and the apparent low reaction rates will minimize their use unless improved.

Graphical abstract: Some transition metal (oxy)phosphates and vanadium oxides for lithium batteries

Article information

Article type
Feature Article
Submitted
07 feb 2005
Accepted
22 mar 2005
First published
07 apr 2005

J. Mater. Chem., 2005,15, 3362-3379

Some transition metal (oxy)phosphates and vanadium oxides for lithium batteries

M. S. Whittingham, Y. Song, S. Lutta, P. Y. Zavalij and N. A. Chernova, J. Mater. Chem., 2005, 15, 3362 DOI: 10.1039/B501961C

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Spotlight

Advertisements