Recent advances in the 3D printing of electrically conductive hydrogels for flexible electronics

Ruxue Yang, Xiyue Chen, Yi Zheng, Kaiqi Chen, Weisheng Zeng and Xin Wu

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2022, 10, 5380
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Additive manufacturing of electrically conductive polymers: a comprehensive review

Paulina Wiśniewska, Angelika Łepek, Jacek Ryl and Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13, 21302
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4D smart porous scaffolds based on the polyHIPE architecture and electroactive PEDOT

A. Ferrández-Montero, B. Carlier, R. Agniel, J. Leroy-Dudal, C. Vancaeyzeele and C. Plesse

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 12388
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Thermoresponsive hydrogels incorporating phase-change energy storage materials for advanced thermal management

Zhuoni Jiang, Jian Tang, Chaochao Zhang, Yeping Xie and Jinxing Chen

Polym. Chem., 2025, 16, 3379
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Conductive polymer based hydrogels and their application in wearable sensors: a review

Dong Liu, Chenxi Huyan, Zibi Wang, Zhanhu Guo, Xuehua Zhang, Hamdi Torun, Daniel Mulvihill, Ben Bin Xu and Fei Chen

Mater. Horiz., 2023, 10, 2800
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An effective DLP 3D printing strategy of high strength and toughness cellulose hydrogel towards strain sensing

Zhengqiang Guo, Chengdong Ma, Weigui Xie, Aimin Tang and Wangyu Liu

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 315, 121006
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3D printed structures with a tailored refraction index fabricated with an acrylate resin modified by a conjugated polymer

Fábio Galvão Borges, Bruno Benegra Denadai, Francisco Cano Silva Cezar, Harison J. Toledo, Leonardo V. P. Cunha, Leonardo Tarczewski, Juscelino Valter Barbosas, Juan C. González, Andreia Gerniski Macedo, Paula Cristina Rodrigues, Neri Volpato and Alexandre de Almeida Prado Pohl

Opt. Mater. Express, 2024, 14, 1779
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3D‐Printed Electroactive Hydrogel Architectures with Sub‐100 µm Resolution Promote Myoblast Viability

Rebecca L. Keate, Joshua Tropp, Caralyn P. Collins, Henry Oliver T. Ware, Anthony J. Petty, Guillermo A. Ameer, Cheng Sun and Jonathan Rivnay

Macromolecular Bioscience, 2022, 22
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Imparting High Conductivity to 3D Printed PEDOT:PSS

Ian M. Hill, Victor Hernandez, Bohao Xu, Josiah A. Piceno, John Misiaszek, Adrian Giglio, Emily Junez, Jiajun Chen, Paul D. Ashby, Robert S. Jordan and Yue Wang

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2023, 5, 3989
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Rapidly photo-crosslinked self-adhesive, highly stretchable, and conductive dual-network polyelectrolyte hydrogel for electrocardiogram monitoring application

Yuting Xue, Zixuan Lian, Feiyue Zhou, Lixuan Yang, Sha Long, Dan Yu and Wei Wang

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2026, 740, 140175
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3D printing of conductive organic polymers: challenges and opportunities towards dynamic and electrically responsive materials

Angelo Martinelli, Andrea Nitti, Giorgio Giannotta, Riccardo Po and Dario Pasini

Materials Today Chemistry, 2022, 26, 101135
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Emerging nanomaterials for conductive electroactive and stretchable hydrogels in biomedical microdevices

Nuradwa Afrina Adnan, Nurfarhanim Abu Bakar, N. Idayu Zahid and Nurdiana Nordin

Polymer, 2025, 339, 129132
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Novel Functional Materials via 3D Printing by Vat Photopolymerization

Sergey S. Nechausov, Patrick Fesser, Boris A. Bulgakov and Ulrich S. Schubert

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Three-Dimensional-Printed Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate-Polyaniline Composites by In Situ Aniline Photopolymerization: An Innovative Biomaterial for Electrocardiogram Monitoring Systems

Luca Montaina, Rocco Carcione, Francesca Pescosolido, Manuela Montalto, Silvia Battistoni and Emanuela Tamburri

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2023, 5, 164
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Recent Advances in the 3D Printing of Conductive Hydrogels for Sensor Applications: A Review

Xiaoxu Liang, Minghui Zhang, Cheong-Meng Chong, Danlei Lin, Shiji Chen, Yumiao Zhen, Hongyao Ding and Hai-Jing Zhong

Polymers, 2024, 16, 2131
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Review on Data‐ and Mathematics‐Driven Optimization for Metamaterial Lattice Structures

Shengyu Ni, Xinyi Chen, Hao Wu, Xiangrong Xu, Yifei Qian, Fenling Wang, Tianjian Wang, Liming Lei and Hong Zhang

Adv Eng Mater, 2026, 28
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Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing to Electropolymerize Devices on a Chip

Paul Moustiez, David Guérin and Sébastien Pecqueur

ECS Sens. Plus, 2025, 4, 044401
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Understanding the Current Distribution and Mass Transport Properties in 3D-Printed Architected Flow-Through Electrodes

Auston L. Clemens, Kyle Jung, Massimiliano Ferrucci, Megan E. Ellis, Jonathan T. Davis, Swetha Chandrasekaran, Zhen Qi, Christine A. Orme, Marcus A. Worsley, Rohan Akolkar, Anna Ivanovskaya and Nikola A. Dudukovic

ACS Appl. Eng. Mater., 2025, 3, 600
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3D Printing of Silver/Conductive Polymer Composites in Silica Gel Glass

Xiaolin Fan, Sufan Hu, Ying Ye, Yibin Jiang, Cankun Zhang, Yusheng Zhang and Cheng Wang

Nano Lett., 2025, 25, 10928
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Rapid fabrication of porous κ-carrageenan/cellulose nanofibrils-polydopamine composite hydrogels induced by ionic interaction for flexible electronic devices

Qianxiao Chen, Yiming Zhou, Shicheng Lu and Wenkai Xu

European Polymer Journal, 2023, 198, 112438
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Seamless Integration of Conducting Hydrogels in Daily Life: From Preparation to Wearable Application

Kusuma Betha Cahaya Imani, Jagan Mohan Dodda, Jinhwan Yoon, Fernando G. Torres, Abu Bin Imran, G. Roshan Deen and Renad Al‐Ansari

Advanced Science, 2024, 11
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“All-in-one” ink for light-based 4D printing of conducting, tough, anti-freezing, and cytocompatible hydrogels

Pritiranjan Mondal, Arkodip Mandal and Kaushik Chatterjee

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 496, 153883
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3D-Printable gelatin-based organohydrogel for flexible wearable pressure sensors

Xinlong Liu, Xitong Shang, Xiaofeng Zhu, Longmeng Du, Qifan Yang, Liping Ren, Zaixing Jiang, Wenhui Zheng and Wei Li

Polymer, 2025, 335, 128784
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3D printing hydrogel with structural design via vat photopolymerization for strain sensing

Zhengqiang Guo, Hongrui Zhang, Weigui Xie, Aimin Tang and Wangyu Liu

Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 77, 103824
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Multiscale characterization of three-dimensional printed silicone rubber: More insights from neutron scattering

Xiang Luo, Shengyi Zhong and Dong Liu

Review of Materials Research, 2025, 1, 100009
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Antioxidant, Degradable, and 3D-Printable Hydrogels Enabled by a Gelatin-Flavin Conjugate Photoinitiator

Yimei Liu, Qi Zhan, Yu Lan, Linxiang Yu, Ying Tie, Jianguo Wang and Tao Wang

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2026, 65, 7518
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Conductive Polymer-Based Hydrogels for Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors

Dinakaran Thirumalai, Madhappan Santhamoorthy, Seong-Cheol Kim and Hyo-Ryoung Lim

Gels, 2024, 10, 459
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Influence of the Nature and Structure of Polyelectrolyte Cryogels on the Polymerization of (3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Composites

Svetlana Laishevkina, Natalia Shevchenko, Olga Iakobson, Anatoly Dobrodumov, Vladimir Chelibanov and Elena Tomšík

Molecules, 2022, 27, 7576
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3D Printing Technologies in Biosensors Production: Recent Developments

Giulia Remaggi, Alessandro Zaccarelli and Lisa Elviri

Chemosensors, 2022, 10, 65
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Photocuring 3D Printing of Hydrogels: Techniques, Materials, and Applications in Tissue Engineering and Flexible Devices

Guoqiang Lu, Ruifen Tang, Jun Nie and Xiaoqun Zhu

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2024, 45
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Recent Advances and Progress of Conducting Polymer-Based Hydrogels in Strain Sensor Applications

Vinh Van Tran, Kyungjun Lee, Thanh Ngoc Nguyen and Daeho Lee

Gels, 2022, 9, 12
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One-Step Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Robust, Conductive, Shape-Memory Hydrogel for Customizing High-Performance Soft Devices

Hanqiang Zhang, Peiren Wang, Heng Zhang, Gangsheng Chen, Kai Wang, Xiaoyi Chen, Zhen Chen, Mingxing Jiang, Junhui Yang, Min Chen and Ji Li

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 68131
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