Issue 5, 2023

Recovery of metals and valuable chemicals from waste electric and electronic materials: a critical review of existing technologies

Abstract

The growing development of technology has increased the amount of waste generated by electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) every year. WEEE contains valuable metals and hazardous materials which, if not properly recovered, may drastically contribute to the depletion of natural resources while posing threat to the environment. The recent escalation of geopolitical tensions has fueled a growing spike in commodity and energy prices. In today's world, the recycling technologies have already evolved from primitive methods to more sophisticated techniques such as automatic disassembly, chemical leaching, electrolysis and so on. It is mandatory that researchers will develop novel technologies to tackle the complexity of WEEE treatment and material recovery. This analysis critically reviews the accomplishments in the field of e-waste recycling and further assesses the principles of recycling, separation, and optimized parameters of different technologies. The application of conventional techniques like pyrometallurgy and chemical leaching (non-cyanide, reduced wastewater) results in an active recovery of various materials. Compared to cyanide and strong acid leading, thiourea and thiosulphate have achieved significant advancements in environmental protection. Additionally, novel technologies like bio-metallurgy cryo-milling, siderophores and supercritical extraction technology also resulted in enhanced recovery efficiencies for base and precious metals, along with metal recovery techniques using recyclable lixiviates. However, the application of these technologies is restricted due to the heterogeneous nature of WEEE. Therefore, this review focuses on the deficiencies of each of them and further discusses the interpretation of future urgent developments in the WEEE recycling sector.

Graphical abstract: Recovery of metals and valuable chemicals from waste electric and electronic materials: a critical review of existing technologies

Article information

Article type
Critical Review
Submitted
24 jan 2023
Accepted
08 mei 2023
First published
22 mei 2023
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

RSC Sustain., 2023,1, 1085-1108

Recovery of metals and valuable chemicals from waste electric and electronic materials: a critical review of existing technologies

S. Gulliani, M. Volpe, A. Messineo and R. Volpe, RSC Sustain., 2023, 1, 1085 DOI: 10.1039/D3SU00034F

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