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High entropy alloys: a comprehensive review of synthesis, properties, and characterization for electrochemical energy conversion and storage applications

Selvaganapathy Ganesan, Diksha Bhatt, Divyadharshini Satheesh, Thangavelu Kokulnathan, Prabhat Pant, Dhivya S. Bharathi, Leena Baskar, Nanda Gopal Sahoo, Arunkumar Palaniappan and Kovendhan Manavalan

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Atomic-level precision synthesis and dynamic structure–property relationships of high-entropy nanomaterials: advances, challenges, and perspectives

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Inorg. Chem. Front., 2026, 13, 3683
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Synthesis and characterization of individual high-entropy alloy particles for electrocatalytic water oxidation

Muhammad Rauf, Gaukhar Askarova, Tianyu Bo and Michael V. Mirkin

Nanoscale Horiz., 2025, 10, 1436
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Low-temperature zinc–air batteries: catalyst design and electrolyte regulation

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Nanoscale Horiz., 2026
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Innovative electrode designs for low-temperature electrochemical CO2 reduction with ampere-level performance

Xiaofeng Ke, Weicong Xu, Chao Liu, Yakun Wang, Xiaozhong Huang, Rui Xiao, Xiaomin Xu, Tao Li and Zongping Shao

Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, 18, 7792
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Single-atom dispersed high-entropy alloys for nitrogen conversion: from N2 activation to NOx reduction

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J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026
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Exploring the electrocatalytic performance of PdIrSnZnMo high entropy alloy (HEA) towards the hydrogen evolution reaction in an acidic medium: a theoretically supported approach

Rebekah Aruldhas, Praveena Gopalan, Daniel Piecha, Mateusz Szczerba, Kostiantyn Nikiforow and Grzegorz D. Sulka

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026, 14, 4693
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High-entropy layered oxide electrocatalyst derived from spent battery cathodes for overall water splitting and 2,5 hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation

Angga Hermawan, Ula Miftakhun Nikmah, Angga Dito Fauzi, Sri Rahayu, Andri Hardiansyah, Ni Luh Wulan Septiani, Hismiaty Bahua, Indri Badria Adilina, Maykel T. E. Manawan, Munawar Khalil, Andrea Zitolo, Aniruddha Deb, Mathieu Prevot and Lydia Helena Wong

Mater. Horiz., 2026
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Inverse analysis-guided development of acid-tolerant nanoporous high-entropy alloy catalysts for enhanced water-splitting performance

Saikat Bolar, Chunyu Yuan, Samuel Jeong, Yoshikazu Ito and Takeshi Fujita

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 940
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High-entropy catalysts for electrocatalytic reduction reaction

Shaoyu Zhang, Shuanqiang Liu, Donglei Yang and Le Li

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 1009, 176970
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Machine Learning Boosted Entropy-Engineered Synthesis of CuCo Nanometric Solid Solution Alloys for Near-100% Nitrate-to-Ammonia Selectivity

Yao Hu, Bo Hu, Haihui Lan, Jiaxuan Gong, Renjing Hu, Donghui Wang, Wen-Da Zhang, Mo Yan, Qi Wang, Yulong Liu, Huicong Xia, Mingde Yao and Mingliang Du

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 6161
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From Inception to Innovation: 20 Years of Nanoarchitectonics

Katsuhiko Ariga, Jingwen Song and Kohsaku Kawakami

Chemistry An Asian Journal, 2025, 20
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Development of Acid-Resistant Multielement Nanoporous Catalysts by Dealloying: HEA Design via Inverse Analysis

Takeshi Fujita

Materia Japan, 2026, 65, 245
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3D Ordered Macroporous Superstructures of High Entropy Hydroxide with Strong Orbital Coupling Enhancing Water/Seawater Oxidation

Xiaofeng Tian, Ruotong Liu, Weizhou Wang, Qin Yang, Zheng Huang, Yu Yang, Jishu Han, Tian Dong, Yunmei Du, Jianping Lai, Hongdong Li and Lei Wang

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
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Modulating d–p Orbital Coupling via Gallium in High‐Entropy Metal Phosphides for Enhanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Kerou Qiu, Manchuan Guo, Haici Deng, Xinsheng Li, Yanqiu Zhu, Xinpeng Wang and Jinliang Zhu

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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A review on recent progress of refractory high entropy alloys: From fundamental research to engineering applications

Longchao Zhuo, Yixing Xie and Bingqing Chen

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 33, 1097
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Emerging Energy Applications of Multi‐Principal Element Alloys: A Mini Review

Samson Olaitan Jeje and Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe

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Next-Generation SERS Probes: Engineering Hotspots, Intelligent Molecular Targeting, and AI-Driven Spectral Analysis for Emerging Applications

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High-entropy alloy nanosheets engineered aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of pro gastrin releasing peptide in small-cell lung cancer

Imamdin Chandio, Yongjian Ai and Qionglin Liang

Nano Research, 2026, 19, 94908352
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Ab initio study of manufacturing routes of the Cantor high entropy alloys: Magnetic and thermodynamic properties

Abdul M. Reyes, Anais D. Herrera Atal, Jose Y. Aguilar-Hurtado, Nicolás Amigo, Sebastian E. Reyes-Lillo and Katherine Paredes-Gil

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Type I band alignment and defect-color center synergy strategy to strengthen the photoluminescence and photochromism for high-entropy aluminate-based phosphors

Jingyi Yang, Shifa Wang, Zemeng Pan, Hua Deng, Leiming Fang, Hua Yang, Huijun Zhang, Asad Syed and Huajing Gao

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2026, 9
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Broad-absorbing materials for photodetectors

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Sci. China Mater., 2025, 68, 3171
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Rapid Chemical Synthesis of High-Entropy Oxide Colloids under Ambient Conditions

Saikat Bolar, Akitaka Ito, Chunyu Yuan, Yoshikazu Ito and Takeshi Fujita

ACS Materials Lett., 2024, 6, 5325
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High-entropy Fe-based spinel oxide for simultaneous electrochemical desalination and dye adsorption in textile wastewater remediation

Ruiqi Yong, Ying Zhao, Chuhan Huang, Pengrui Sun, Wei Zhou, Tianqin Huang, Yuqi Wei, Karunaivel Kajanann, Kailin Fan, Kun Lin, Yiyi Wang, Lifeng Ding and Meng Ding

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 524, 169685
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Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-10CoCrFeNiCu cemented carbide by vacuum and micropressure sintering

Hao Cheng, Siwen Tang, Jiahong Wang, Qiyun Yuan, Xinpeng Chong, Hailang Liu and Xiaohui He

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The potential of high-entropy alloys as catalyst materials in water-splitting application

Z.Y. Fan, M. Mucalo, J. Kennedy and F. Yang

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 134, 64
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Hierarchical porous NiFeCoLaMn high-entropy alloy nanoframeworks for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis

Cong Zhang, Feihu Wang, Cheng Gong, Ming Li, Haitao Zong, Xiaoyao Shi and Haiyun Li

Applied Surface Science, 2026, 741, 167198
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Paired Electrocatalysis: Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Coupled with Anodic Upcycling of Biomass and Plastic Waste

Loknath Thapa, Sudip Mallobarman and C. Retna Raj

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025
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Toward 2D van der Waals Entropy Mixture MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis

Jan Paštika, Deniz Güngen, Amutha Subramani, Vlastimil Mazánek, Marco Serra, Lunjie Zeng, Eva Olsson, Rui Gusmão and Zdeněk Sofer

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 35522
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Experimental Validation of Hydrogen Affinity as a Design Criterion for Alloys

Katarína Nigutová, Lenka Oroszová, Zuzana Molčanová, Dávid Csík, Katarína Gáborová, Jens Möllmer, Marcus Lange and Karel Saksl

Materials, 2024, 17, 6106
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Entropy-stabilized homologous catalysts for high performance Li-S batteries: Progress and prospects

Jiangqi Zhou

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A short review of structural, mechanical and magnetic properties of high and medium entropy alloys added rare earth elements

Nihal Yayla and Ömer Güler

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Understanding the evolution of high-entropy oxide OER electrocatalyst with anion regulation

Dan Wang, Yihang Yu, Huan He, Zenghui Li, Xiaojing Wen, Yanguo Liu, Xiwei Qi and Zhiyuan Wang

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 92, 639
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Advances in engineering Ni-based catalysts for boosting selective glycerol electrooxidation to formic acid

Le Li, Donglei Yang, Meijun Han and Shuanqiang Liu

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2026, 206, 153448
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Nanosecond pulsed laser coloring of the CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy

Junfeng Gao, Xin Wang, Chao Wang, Hong An and Hu Huang

Vacuum, 2025, 231, 113763
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Effect of Nb Contents on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of FeCoCrNiNbxN Films

Lina Si, Haoran Wang, Hongjuan Yan, Xiaona Li, Fengbin Liu, Peixuan Ouyang, Zhaoliang Dou and Caili Zheng

Lubricants, 2025, 13, 522
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Latest Advancements and Mechanistic Insights into High-Entropy Alloys: Design, Properties and Applications

Anthoula Poulia and Alexander E. Karantzalis

Materials, 2025, 18, 5616
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Additive Manufacturing High-Entropy Alloy Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composite Properties Analysis

Shixi Gan and Baljit Singh Bhathal Singh

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2D lamellar structured Bi Sb1-@NC toward cycle-stable lithium/sodium-ion storage with high-capacity

Faxiu Zhang, Jing Xie, Xinhui Liu, Zhenjiang Lu, Jindou Hu and Yali Cao

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 137, 118512
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High-entropy alloy nanowire for fine-tuned electrocatalytic reaction

Le Li, Donglei Yang and Meijun Han

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1035, 181482
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Well‐Dispersed Entropy‐Driven Alloy Particles on Carbon Black From Stepwise Alloying Strategy and Their Bifunctional Electrocatalytic Performance for Zinc–Air Batteries

Yunha Kim, Jungwon Lee, Jae Hun Seol, Sunggu Park, Heesun Kim, Ali Anus, Sang Uck Lee and Sungjin Park

Small, 2026, 22
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High-entropy oxide for enhanced supercapacitors and precise electrochemical detection of dopamine at nanomolar levels

Elangovan Sivasurya, Francis Ashamary, Mari Elancheziyan, Jonnagaddala Harathi, M. Monika, Mani Arivazhagan, Narayanamoorthy Bhuvanendran, S. Philomina Mary, Raji Atchudan, Pramod K. Kalambate and Devaraj Manoj

Next Materials, 2025, 8, 100699
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High-entropy alloys: Atomic horizons for sustainable electrocatalytic reactions

Iram Malik, Fawwaz Hazzazi, Jasvinder Kaur and Anuj Kumar

Materials Today Chemistry, 2025, 47, 102871
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Innovative processing, microscopic properties, and entropy manipulation in refractory high entropy alloys

Zhiqi Zhu, Irfan Ayoub, Jia Yi Yin, Zhiqin Zhu, Xu Gao, Vijay Kumar, Ziming Cai, Nannan Wang and Santosh K. Tiwari

Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2026, 1
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Tailoring high-entropy alloys for cutting-edge hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis

Akbar Hojjati-Najafabadi, Reza Behmadi, Yezeng He, Hesam Kamyab and Yasser Vasseghian

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2025, 46, e01655
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High entropy alloy-a promising candidate in sensor: Synthesis strategies, working mechanisms, recent progress, and promising perspectives

Yuanchao Lu, Guang Zheng, Chanjuan Dai, Ningxiang Yu, Xiaohua Nie, Lin Zhang and Xianghe Meng

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 538, 176709
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Transformation of metal organic frameworks into mono and bimetallic metal oxides for photocatalysis process: a review

Liyana Labiba Zulfa, Ratna Ediati, Djoko Hartanto, Widyastuti Widyastuti, Cindy Mutiara Septani, Alvin Romadhoni Putra Hidayat and Desindy Ramadhani Putri

Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2026, 188, 116420
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Effect of Si addition on phase structure and wear resistance of CoCrFeMoNi alloy coatings

Mingxing Ma, Chengjun Zhu, Zhixin Wang, Yanjun Xi and Bozhen Wang

J. meas. eng., 2025, 13, 534
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High-entropy alloys for enhanced electrocatalytic methane oxidation via nanoparticle-impact technique

Hao-Sen Xiong, Ming-Xin Chen, Shi-Yu Jiang, Xiao-Hong Fu, Shu-Yong Shang, Qiang Zhang and Zong-You Yin

Tungsten, 2026, 8, 128
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Current status and prospects of fuel cell electric vehicle industrialization in China

Sai Luo, Kaihang Zhang, Guangwei Li, Xiao Li, Qiang Wang, Danmin Xing and Baolian Yi

Carb Neutrality, 2026, 5
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High‐Entropy Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: A Review on Structures, Synthesis, Scale‐Up Challenges and Rational Designs

Xinyu Li, Jun Song, Jun Ma and Jin Wang

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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High entropy powering green energy: hydrogen, batteries, electronics, and catalysis

Guotao Qiu, Tianhao Li, Xiao Xu, Yuxiang Liu, Maya Niyogi, Katie Cariaga and Corey Oses

npj Comput Mater, 2025, 11
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Frontier Advances of Emerging High‐Entropy Anodes in Alkali Metal‐Ion Batteries

Liang Du, Kaidi Zhang, Liang Wang, Di Zhao, Mengqing Hu, Mingli Li, Ming Zhou, Zhenzhen Wu, Mengyang Dong, Bo Fu, Porun Liu, Yun Wang, Hongxia Wang, Yuantong Gu and Lei Zhang

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Universal framework for efficient estimation of stability in multi-principal element alloys

Lin Wang, Bo Shen, Zheng-Da He, Zihao Ye, Yan Zeng, Chad A. Mirkin and Bin Ouyang

Nat Commun, 2026, 17
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The Remarkable Rise in High-Entropy Catalysts: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

Abid Ahmad, Irshad Bhat, Qian Liu, Min Zhang, Sihao Lv, Faliang Cheng and Wei Li

Nanomaterials, 2026, 16, 548
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Entropy-driven catalytic synergy of ultrathin PtRuFeCoRhW high-entropy alloy nanorods as highly active nanozyme for sensitively detecting 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in complex matrix

Ling-Jie Ni, Jin-Yu Li, Li-Ping Mei, Jiu-Ju Feng, Liang Wu and Ai-Jun Wang

Microchim Acta, 2026, 193
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Thermally Stable High‐Entropy Layered Double Hydroxides for Advanced Catalysis

Chang Deng, Ruoyu Liu, Peiwen Wu, Tao Wang, Shibo Xi, Duanjian Tao, Qian He, Yanhong Chao, Wenshuai Zhu and Sheng Dai

Small, 2024, 20
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Design of oxide–carbon composite electrodes for advanced electrochemical treatment of emerging pharmaceuticals

Dinh Nhi Bui, Dinh Ngo Vu, Thi Thao Minh, Xuan Kien Bui, Nguyen Quynh Anh Ngo, Phuoc Cuong Le and Tan Nhat

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2025, 80, 109164
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Unveiling the potential of high-entropy materials toward high-energy metal batteries based on conversion reactions: Synthesis, structure, properties, and beyond

Mingyu Lian, Weihao Gong, Shaofei Guo, Ying Jiang and Zhengqing Ye

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 75, 104054
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Sulfur‐Stabilized High Entropy Oxysulfides Enable Efficient CC Bond Cleavage in Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation for Sustainable Plastic Upcycling to Formate

Saikat Bolar, Akitaka Ito, Chunyu Yuan, Meiyi Wang, Akira Yamaguchi, Masahiro Miyauchi and Takeshi Fujita

ChemSusChem, 2026, 19
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Carbon/High-Entropy Alloy Nanocomposites: Synergistic Innovations and Breakthrough Challenges for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Li Sun, Hangyu Li, Yu Dong, Wan Rong, Na Zhou, Rui Dang, Jianle Xu, Qigao Cao and Chunxu Pan

Batteries, 2025, 11, 317
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Precipitation strengthening mechanism of Co FeNiCrCu high-entropy alloys binder in nanocrystalline WC-HEA cermet

Mingyuan Ma, Songhan Hu, Yingchun Diao, Kai Wang, Guojian Li, Wangzhong Mu and Qiang Wang

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2026, 273, 161
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Accelerated discovery of MM′XT2 MXenes for catalysis, electronics, and energy storage using supervised machine learning

Umair Haider, Gul Rahman, Imran Shakir, M.S. Al-Buriahi, Norah Alomayrah and Imen Kebaili

Materials Today Physics, 2026, 61, 102022
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Synthesis and effect of aging treatment on the properties of Ti16.67Zr16.67Hf16.67Ni25Co10Cu15 high-entropy shape memory alloy

Mairaj Ahmad, M. Imran Khan, Abbas Raza, Rashid Ali, Abdul Wadood, Danish Tahir and Muhammad Tahir

J. Mater. Res., 2026
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Advances in High‐Entropy Catalysts for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Design Principles, Recent Progress, and Prospects

Ruohan Hou, Yixin Wei, Jiaxiang Zhang, Jiaying Chen, Shaojie Chen, Shuaiting Sun, Guosheng Shao and Peng Zhang

Advanced Science, 2025, 12
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Microstructural tailoring of Cr–Mn–Mo nitrides through Si and Y alloying

Lukáš Vrána, Christian Gutschka, Matej Fekete, Zsolt Czigány, Helmut Riedl, Tatiana Pitoňáková, Katalin Balázsi and Pavel Souček

Surface and Coatings Technology, 2026, 522, 133155
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Core-dictated tuning of the performance of amorphous and crystalline TM@Pt and HEA@Pt core-shell nanoparticles catalysts

Ilya V. Chepkasov, Viktor S. Baidyshev and Alexander G. Kvashnin

Materials Today Energy, 2025, 54, 102130
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From lab to industry: Challenges in scaling Cu-based electrodes for CO2 electroreduction to multi-carbon products

Thao-Nguyen Ho, Trong Huy Pham, Yueying Li, Hossein Esmaeili and Cao-Thang Dinh

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2025, 54, 101769
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High-Entropy (Ce0.2Pr0.2Zn0.2Nd0.2Tb0.2)2Zr2O7 Zirconate Pyrochlore: A Promising Photocatalyst for Diverse Environmental Applications

Mariappan Anandkumar, Shanmugavel Sudarsan, Venkata Ramesh Naganaboina, Naveen Kumar Bandari, Ksenia Sergeevna Litvinyuk, Shiv Govind Singh and Evgeny Alekseevich Trofimov

Nanomaterials, 2025, 15, 1668
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Unveiling the nanoscale strengthening mechanism of short-range order in CoCuFeNiPd high-entropy alloys: A hybrid MD/MC simulation study

Han Song, Tinghong Gao, Bei Wang, Qian Chen, Qingquan Xiao, Biting Shen, Qingkun Wu, Mengyuan Liu and Daiji Tang

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2026, 41, 1447
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