A mini review on metal–organic framework-based electrode materials for capacitive deionization

Abstract

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrochemical method of extracting ions from solution at potentials below electrolysis. It has various applications ranging from water remediation and desalination to heavy metal removal and selective resource recovery. A CDI device applies an electrical charge across two porous electrodes to attract and remove ions without producing waste products. It is generally considered environmentally friendly and promising for sustainability, yet ion removal efficiency still falls short of more established filtration methods. Commercially available activated carbon is typically used for CDI, and its ion adsorption capacity is low at approximately 20–30 mg g⁻¹. Recently, much interest has been in the highly porous and well-structured family of materials known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Most MOFs are poor conductors of electricity and cannot be directly used to make electrodes. A common workaround is to pyrolyze the MOF to convert its organic components to carbon while maintaining its underlying microstructure. However, most MOF-derived materials only retain partial microstructure after pyrolysis and cannot inherit the robust porosity of the parent MOFs. This review provides a systematic breakdown of structure-performance relationships between a MOF-derived material and its CDI performance based on recent works. This review also serves as a starting point for researchers interested in developing MOF-derived materials for CDI applications.