Iron nanoparticle templates for constructing 3D graphene framework with enhanced performance in sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

This study examines the synthesis and electrochemical performance of three-dimensional graphene for Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries. The in situ formation of iron hydroxide nanoparticles (Fe(OH)_x NPs) of various weights on the surface of graphene oxide, followed by thermal treatment at elevated temperature and washing using hydrochloric acid, furnished 3D graphene. The characterization studies confirmed the prevention of graphene layer stacking by over 90% compared with thermal treatment without Fe(OH)_x. The electrochemical performance of the 3D graphene was evaluated as a counter electrode for lithium metal and sodium metal in a half-cell configuration. This material showed good performances with a charging capacity of 507 mA h g⁻¹ at 372 mA g⁻¹ in Li-ion batteries and 252 mA h g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ in Na-ion batteries, which is 1.4 and 1.9 times higher, respectively, than the graphene prepared without Fe(OH)_x templates.