A New Multifunctional Copper Iodide–Pyrazine Hybrid for Sensitive Creatinine Detection in Biological Samples: Synthesis, Structural Features, Characterization, and Electrochemical Evaluation

Abstract

The organic–inorganic hybrid compound [Cu₂I₂(μ-pyrazine)] was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The compound crystallizes in a triclinic system and forms a 2D staircase-like framework. Optical measurements indicate a direct bandgap of 0.95 eV, suggesting semiconducting behavior and potential applicability as a biological sensor. Furthermore, electrodes modified with [Cu₂I₂(μ-pyrazine)] were evaluated for creatinine detection, exhibiting high sensitivity and selectivity, with a detection limit as low as 1×10⁻⁸ M. The sensor also demonstrated excellent stability and reproducibility in real sample analyses, achieving recovery rates between 90.3% and 103.9%. These findings highlight the multifunctionality and potential of this hybrid material for applications in both clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.