Sensitive determination of chlorpromazine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids using solid phase extraction followed by HPLC-UV and spectrophotometric analysis

Abstract

An environmentally friendly analytical method was developed to detect trace amounts of chlorpromazine in pharmaceutical formulations, urine, and serum samples. The method integrates magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with UV detection (MSPE-UV), utilizing environmentally friendly materials and procedures. The MSPE system employed 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@CPTES) as adsorbents, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional methods. The proposed technique eliminates the need for toxic organic solvents commonly used in pre-concentration steps, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. Optimization of extraction parameters, including pH, ionic strength, and adsorbent dosage, revealed high extraction efficiencies (98% for pharmaceutical solutions, 52% for urine, and 33% for serum), with corresponding enrichment factors of 102, 52, and 41, respectively, and detection limits as low as 0.08 ng mL⁻¹ for pharmaceutical solutions. The method demonstrates excellent linearity (R² > 0.9988) over a wide range (0.15–400 ng mL⁻¹) and high precision (RSD < 7%). The Fe₃O₄@CPTES nanoparticles enable rapid, reusable, and efficient extraction, reducing both analysis time and resource consumption. While tablet analysis validates method robustness, the primary application lies in trace CPZH detection in biological matrices. This green analytical approach offers a reliable, sensitive, and eco-friendly protocol for CPZH detection, highlighting its potential for broader applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.