Fe3O4@SiO2–BD–DADB-COF is proposed as a novel magnetic covalent organic framework for the determination and extraction of 15 macrolide antibiotics in water and honey

Abstract

In our research, an emerging magnetic covalent organic framework (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–BD–DADB-COF) was formulated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc. Several parameters affecting the extraction process were refined. Accordingly, a novel method of determining 15 macrolides (MALs) in honey and water was established through the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–BD–DADB-COF as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In consequence, the standard curves for the 15 MALs exhibited an exceptional linearity from 0.1 to 200 μg L⁻¹, and the correlation coefficients (R²) varied from 0.9990 to 0.9999. The recoveries fell between 70.01% and 115.56%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) being below 9.93% (n = 5). The detection limits reached 0.001–0.075 μg L⁻¹ with the quantification limits being 0.004–0.228 μg L⁻¹. Ultimately, the method was excellently applied to the analysis of MALs in honey and water.