Renewable Aromatic Production from Waste: Exploring Pathways, Source Materials, and Catalysts

Abstract

The growing demand for aromatic compounds, essential in industries like pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials manufacturing, coupled with rising environmental concerns, has driven significant research toward renewable production pathways. Traditionally, aromatic synthesis relies on fossil fuels, contributing to resource depletion, climate change, and ecological damage. This review explores the emerging field of producing aromatic compounds from waste materials, such as biomass, agricultural residues, plastic waste, and industrial by-products, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional methods. The major key processes for converting waste into valuable aromatics have been covered in this review, including pyrolysis, lignin depolymerization, cellulose depolymerization, hemicellulose to furfural, CO2 capture and chemocatalytic techniques. A central focus is placed on the role of catalysts, discussing the latest advancements in catalyst design, selectivity, stability, and recyclability to improve conversion efficiency. This review gives insights into current developments, highlighting the potential of waste-to-aromatic processes to address environmental and economic challenges. It identifies research gaps and future directions to further advance the field. By promoting waste valorization, resource efficiency, and sustainability, this paper contributes to the growing efforts toward a circular economy.