The rise of polymeric hydrogels, sponges, and electrospun fibers as adsorbents for microplastic removal: prospects for a sustainable future

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and recognized as a significant environmental contaminant, owing to their persistent accumulation in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Microplastic pollution is primarily driven by rapid industrialization, improper disposal, and poor plastic waste management practices, and is extremely harmful to the environment and living species. To overcome this issue, sustainable approaches and mitigation strategies are necessary for removing MPs from the environment. In this regard, various approaches have been developed including adsorption, which is considered to be highly efficient. So far, various types of adsorbents, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), inorganic nanoparticle-based composites, 2D nanomaterials, and polymeric materials, have been explored for the removal of MPs. Among adsorption-based materials, polymeric hydrogels, sponges, and electrospun fibers have recently attracted significant attention due to their high porosity, tunable surface properties, and excellent adsorption capacity. Additionally, biodegradable polymer-based materials offer the possibility of removing MPs without having any adverse impact on the environment as they do not generate any toxic byproducts upon degradation after their purpose is served. However, several factors including material reusability, long-term stability, and capability to degrade MPs must be resolved for better performances. Hence, in this review, we have comprehensively and critically highlighted recent advancements in polymer-based hydrogels, sponges, and electrospun fibers for MP removal. We also summarize the facts associated with contamination caused by MPs and explore recent MP removal techniques, including physical methods, chemical methods, and biological methods. In addition, we describe the management strategies that can help mitigate issues of MP-based environmental pollution. Finally, we discuss the current challenges associated with these materials for facilitating MP remediation in a more efficient, scalable, and environment-friendly way for a sustainable future.